Table 1.

Studies analyzing educational interventions in health professionals to improve antibiotic use

Author (year)	Country	Allocation unit (a)	Intervention population (b)	Type of patient	Sample size (%) (b), (c)	Statistical test
Dollman, WB (2005) [20]	South Australia	PC	GPs, Pa	All	___	Bivariate
Hrisos, S (2007) [21]	UK	PC	GPs	___	340 GPs	Multivariate Bivariate
Hennessy, TW (2002) [22]	USA (Alaska)	PC	Py, Pa, O	All	3144 Pa	Multivariate Bivariate
Rubin, MA (2005) [23]	USA	PC	Py, Pa	All	___	Multivariate
Naughton, C (2009) [24]	Ireland	PC	GPs	All	110 GPs	Multivariate
Chazan, B (2007) [25]	Israel (Northern)	PC	Py, Nu, Ph, Pa	All	200 participants	Bivariate
Briel, M (2005) [26]	Switzerland	PC	Py	Adults	45 Py	Multivariate Bivariate
					624 Pa
Monette, J (2007) [27]	Canada	PC	Py	Geriatric patients	36 Py	Multivariate
Enriquez-Puga, A (2009) [28]	England	PC	Py, GPs	All	28 practices	Multivariate Bivariate
Bjerrum, L (2006) [29]	Spain	PC	GPs	Adults	17 GPs in IG 35 GPs in CG	___
Mcisaac, WJ (2002)[30]	Canada	PC	GPs	Children Adults	97 Py	Multivariate Bivariate
					621 patients
Wheeler, JG (2001) [31]	USA	PC	Py, Pa	Pediatric patients	16 Py	Bivariate
					771 parents
Juzych, NS (2005) [32]	USA	PC	Py, Ps, Nu, Ph, Pa	Adults Children	12 Py + 9 Ps in IG	Univariate
					6 Py + 9 Ps in CG
Smeets, HM (2009) [33]	Netherlands	PC	GPs, Ph, Pa	___	131 practices in IG	Multivariate Bivariate
					127 practices in CG
Mandryk, JA (2006) [34]	Australia	PC	GPs	___	___	Multivariate
Stille, CJ (2008) [35]	USA	PC	Py, Pa	Pediatric patients	168 Py	Multivariate Bivariate
Finkelstein, JA (2001) [36]	USA	PC	Py, Pa	<6 years	14468 Pa (pre-)	Multivariate Bivariate
					13461 Pa (post-)
Altiner, A (2007) [37]	Germany	PC	GPs, Pa	≥16 years	104 GPs (pre-)	Multivariate
					28 GPs + 787 Pa in CG
					33 GPs + 920 Pa in IG
Légaré, F (2010) [38]	Canada	PC	Py	All	18 Py in IG + 15 Py in IG	Multivariate
					245 Pa in IG + 214 Pa In CG
Kiang, KM (2005) [39]	USA	PC	Py, GPs, Ps, Nu, Pa, O	Adults and pediatric patients	1800 Py	Multivariate
Mohagheghi, MA (2005) [40]	Iran	PC	GP	Adults	40 GPs in CG	___
					40 GPs in IG
Irurzun, C (2005) [41]	Argentina	PC	Py	≥15 years	19 Py	Bivariate
Chalker, J (2005) [42]	Vietnam and Thailand	Pharmacy	Ph	___	124 pharmacies	Multivariate
Finkelstein, JA (2008) [43]	USA	PC	Py, Pa	≤6 years	223 135 person/years	Multivariate
Chuc, NTK (2002) [44]	Vietnam	Pharmacy	Ph	___	58 pharmacies	Bivariate
Belongia, EA (2001) [45]	USA	PC	Ps, Pa	Children	109 Py in IG	Multivariate Univariate
					52 in CG
Belongia, EA (2005) [46]	USA	PC	Py, Ps, Pa	___	12790 Py	Multivariate Univariate
Greene, RA (2004) [47]	USA	PC	Py, Ps	Adults Children	900 Py and Pa	Bivariate
Teng, CL (2007) [48]	Malaysia	PC	GPs	___	29 GPs	Bivariate
Awad, AI (2006) [49]	Sudan	PC	GPs	___	1800 Pa	Bivariate
Welschen, I (2004) [50]	Netherlands	PC	GPs, Ph, Pa, O	___	89 GPs	Bivariate
Gonzales, R (2004) [51]	USA	PC	Py, Pa,	Elderly	51 office practice in CG	Multivariate
					4 office practices in IG
Colomina Rodríguez, J (2010) [52]	Spain	PC	Py, Ph, Pa, O	All	___	Bivariate
Hickman, DE (2003) [53]	USA	PC	Py, Nu, Pa	Adults	___	Bivariate
				Children
Coenen, S (2004) [54]	Belgium	PC	GPs	Adults	42 GPs in IG	Multivariate Bivariate
					43 GPs in CG
Perz, JF (2002) [55]	USA	PC	Py, Ps, Pa	Pediatric patients	464200 person-years	Multivariate
Sondergaard, J (2003) [56]	Denmark	PC	Py	___	299 GPs	Bivariate
Doyne, EO (2004) [57]	USA	PC	Ps, Pa	Pediatric patients	6 practices - IG	Multivariate
					6 practices - CG
Bauchner, H (2006) [58]	USA	PC	Ps	Children (3–36 months)	1368 Pa - IG	Multivariate Bivariate
					1138 Pa - CG
Christakis, DA (2001) [59]	USA	PC	Ps, Nu, O	Children	16 providers - IG	Bivariate
					12 providers - CG
Smabrekke, L (2002) [60]	Norway	PC	Ps, Nu, Pa	Children (1–5 years)	819 Pa	Bivariate
Bjerrum, L (2011) [61]	Several	PC	GP	Adults	47011	___
Regev-Yochay, G (2011) [62]	Israel	PC	GP	Children	3636	Multivariate
Llor, C (2011) [63]	Spain	PC	GP	___	235 (full)	Univariate Multivariate
					97 (partial)
Weiss, K (2011) [64]	Canada	PC	GP	___	All GP	Multivariate
Llor, C (2011) [65]	Spain	PC	GP	Adults (14-60 years)	10 first patients	___
McKay, RM (2011) [66]	Canada	PC	Py, Ph, O	___	___	Bivariate
Deuster, S (2010) [3]	Switzerland	HC	Py	Adults	292 Pa	Bivariate
Chang, MT (2006) [67]	Taiwan	HC	GPs	___	5046 Pa (pre-)	Bivariate
					5054 Pa (post-)
Naughton, BJ (2001) [68]	USA	HC	Py, Nu	Geriatric patients	350 episodes	Bivariate
Lutters, M (2004) [69]	Switzerland	HC	Py	Geriatric patients	3383 Pa	Bivariate
Loeb, M (2005) [70]	Canada and USA	HC	Py, Nu	Geriatric patients	4217 residents	Bivariate
Lesprit, P (2009) [71]	France	HC	Py	___	786 Pa	Bivariate
Akter, SFU (2009) [72]	Bangladesh	HC	Py	Pediatric patients	2171 Pa (pre-)	Bivariate
					1295 Pa (post-)
Paul, M (2006) [73]	Israel	HC	Py	Adults	1203 Pa (pre-)	Bivariate
	Germany
	Italy				2326 Pa (post-) (1245 IG and 1801 CG)
Camins, BC (2009) [74]	USA	HC	Py (internists)	___	784 new prescriptions	Multivariate Bivariate
Westphal, JF (2010) [75]	France	HC	Py	___	471 cases of pneumonia 104 (pre-); 367 (post-)	Bivariate
Mullet, CJ (2001) [76]	USA	HC	Ps, Nu	Pediatric > 6 months	809 Pa (pre-)	Bivariate
					949 Pa (post-)
von Gunten, V (2005) [77]	Switzerland	HC	Py	___	1200 Pa	Multivariate Bivariate
Ansari, F (2003) [78]	UK	HC	Py	___	40 medical and surgical wards	Multivariate
Kisuule, F (2008) [79]	USA	HC	Py, Nu	___	17 hosp. practitioners	Bivariate
Halm, EA (2004) [80]	USA	HC	Py, Nu, Pa, O	Adults	2094 cases	Bivariate
					1013 (pre-)
					1081 (post-)
López-Medrano, F (2005) [81]	Spain	HC	Py	___	1280 treatments	Bivariate
Agwu, AL (2008) [82]	USA	HC	Py, Ps	Children	___	Bivariate
Barenfanger, J (2001) [83]	USA	HC Pharmacy	Ph	___	378 Pa (188 IG and 190 CG)	Bivariate
Rϋttiman, S (2004) [84]	Switzerland	HC	Py	Adults	500 Pa	Bivariate
Martin, C (2005) [85]	USA	HC	Py	___	___	____
Solomon, DH (2001) [86]	USA	HC	Py	___	4500 Pa	Bivariate
Fowler, S (2007) [87]	UK	HC	Py	Elderly ≥ 80 years	6129 admissions	Multivariate
Sintchenko, V (2005) [88]	Australia	HC	Py	___	12 internists	Bivariate
Yong, MK (2010) [89]	Australia	HC	Py	___	___	Bivariate
Meyer, E (2010) [90]	Germany	HC	Py	Adults	4684 Pa (pre-)	Multivariate
					7203 Pa (post-)
Thursky, KA (2006) [91]	Australia	HC	Py	Adults	489 Pa (pre-)	Multivariate
					497 Pa (post-)
Petterson, E (2011) [92]	Sweeden	HC	Nu, Py	Elderly	60 residents	___
Tangden, T (2011) [93]	Sweeden	HC	Py	elderly	___	Multivariate
						Bivariate
Talpaert, MJ (2011) [94]	UK	HC	Py	Adults	___	Multivariate
Bevilacqua, S (2011) [95]	France	HC	Py	Adults	___	Bivariate
Shen, J (2011) [96]	China	HC	Py	Adults	354 patients	Multivariate
						Bivariate

(a) PC – primary care; HC – hospital care.

(b) GPs – general practitioners; Ps – pediatrics; Py – physicians; Pa – patients or their caregivers; Ph – pharmacists; Nu – nurses; O – others.

(c) CG – control group; IG – intervention group.