Table 1.
Author (year) | Country | Allocation unit (a) | Intervention population (b) | Type of patient | Sample size (%) (b), (c) | Statistical test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dollman, WB (2005) [20] | South Australia | PC | GPs, Pa | All | ___ | Bivariate |
Hrisos, S (2007) [21] | UK | PC | GPs | ___ | 340 GPs | Multivariate Bivariate |
Hennessy, TW (2002) [22] | USA (Alaska) | PC | Py, Pa, O | All | 3144 Pa | Multivariate Bivariate |
Rubin, MA (2005) [23] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | All | ___ | Multivariate |
Naughton, C (2009) [24] | Ireland | PC | GPs | All | 110 GPs | Multivariate |
Chazan, B (2007) [25] | Israel (Northern) | PC | Py, Nu, Ph, Pa | All | 200 participants | Bivariate |
Briel, M (2005) [26] | Switzerland | PC | Py | Adults | 45 Py | Multivariate Bivariate |
624 Pa | ||||||
Monette, J (2007) [27] | Canada | PC | Py | Geriatric patients | 36 Py | Multivariate |
Enriquez-Puga, A (2009) [28] | England | PC | Py, GPs | All | 28 practices | Multivariate Bivariate |
Bjerrum, L (2006) [29] | Spain | PC | GPs | Adults | 17 GPs in IG 35 GPs in CG |
___ |
Mcisaac, WJ (2002)[30] | Canada | PC | GPs | Children Adults | 97 Py | Multivariate Bivariate |
621 patients | ||||||
Wheeler, JG (2001) [31] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | Pediatric patients | 16 Py | Bivariate |
771 parents | ||||||
Juzych, NS (2005) [32] | USA | PC | Py, Ps, Nu, Ph, Pa | Adults Children | 12 Py + 9 Ps in IG | Univariate |
6 Py + 9 Ps in CG | ||||||
Smeets, HM (2009) [33] | Netherlands | PC | GPs, Ph, Pa | ___ | 131 practices in IG | Multivariate Bivariate |
127 practices in CG | ||||||
Mandryk, JA (2006) [34] | Australia | PC | GPs | ___ | ___ | Multivariate |
Stille, CJ (2008) [35] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | Pediatric patients | 168 Py | Multivariate Bivariate |
Finkelstein, JA (2001) [36] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | <6 years | 14468 Pa (pre-) | Multivariate Bivariate |
13461 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Altiner, A (2007) [37] | Germany | PC | GPs, Pa | ≥16 years | 104 GPs (pre-) | Multivariate |
28 GPs + 787 Pa in CG | ||||||
33 GPs + 920 Pa in IG | ||||||
Légaré, F (2010) [38] | Canada | PC | Py | All | 18 Py in IG + 15 Py in IG | Multivariate |
245 Pa in IG + 214 Pa In CG | ||||||
Kiang, KM (2005) [39] | USA | PC | Py, GPs, Ps, Nu, Pa, O | Adults and pediatric patients | 1800 Py | Multivariate |
Mohagheghi, MA (2005) [40] | Iran | PC | GP | Adults | 40 GPs in CG | ___ |
40 GPs in IG | ||||||
Irurzun, C (2005) [41] | Argentina | PC | Py | ≥15 years | 19 Py | Bivariate |
Chalker, J (2005) [42] | Vietnam and Thailand | Pharmacy | Ph | ___ | 124 pharmacies | Multivariate |
Finkelstein, JA (2008) [43] | USA | PC | Py, Pa | ≤6 years | 223 135 person/years | Multivariate |
Chuc, NTK (2002) [44] | Vietnam | Pharmacy | Ph | ___ | 58 pharmacies | Bivariate |
Belongia, EA (2001) [45] | USA | PC | Ps, Pa | Children | 109 Py in IG | Multivariate Univariate |
52 in CG | ||||||
Belongia, EA (2005) [46] | USA | PC | Py, Ps, Pa | ___ | 12790 Py | Multivariate Univariate |
Greene, RA (2004) [47] | USA | PC | Py, Ps | Adults Children |
900 Py and Pa | Bivariate |
Teng, CL (2007) [48] | Malaysia | PC | GPs | ___ | 29 GPs | Bivariate |
Awad, AI (2006) [49] | Sudan | PC | GPs | ___ | 1800 Pa | Bivariate |
Welschen, I (2004) [50] | Netherlands | PC | GPs, Ph, Pa, O | ___ | 89 GPs | Bivariate |
Gonzales, R (2004) [51] | USA | PC | Py, Pa, | Elderly | 51 office practice in CG | Multivariate |
4 office practices in IG | ||||||
Colomina Rodríguez, J (2010) [52] | Spain | PC | Py, Ph, Pa, O | All | ___ | Bivariate |
Hickman, DE (2003) [53] | USA | PC | Py, Nu, Pa | Adults | ___ | Bivariate |
Children | ||||||
Coenen, S (2004) [54] | Belgium | PC | GPs | Adults | 42 GPs in IG | Multivariate Bivariate |
43 GPs in CG | ||||||
Perz, JF (2002) [55] | USA | PC | Py, Ps, Pa | Pediatric patients | 464200 person-years | Multivariate |
Sondergaard, J (2003) [56] | Denmark | PC | Py | ___ | 299 GPs | Bivariate |
Doyne, EO (2004) [57] | USA | PC | Ps, Pa | Pediatric patients | 6 practices - IG | Multivariate |
6 practices - CG | ||||||
Bauchner, H (2006) [58] | USA | PC | Ps | Children (3–36 months) | 1368 Pa - IG | Multivariate Bivariate |
1138 Pa - CG | ||||||
Christakis, DA (2001) [59] | USA | PC | Ps, Nu, O | Children | 16 providers - IG | Bivariate |
12 providers - CG | ||||||
Smabrekke, L (2002) [60] | Norway | PC | Ps, Nu, Pa | Children (1–5 years) | 819 Pa | Bivariate |
Bjerrum, L (2011) [61] | Several | PC | GP | Adults | 47011 | ___ |
Regev-Yochay, G (2011) [62] | Israel | PC | GP | Children | 3636 | Multivariate |
Llor, C (2011) [63] | Spain | PC | GP | ___ | 235 (full) | Univariate Multivariate |
97 (partial) | ||||||
Weiss, K (2011) [64] | Canada | PC | GP | ___ | All GP | Multivariate |
Llor, C (2011) [65] | Spain | PC | GP | Adults (14-60 years) | 10 first patients | ___ |
McKay, RM (2011) [66] | Canada | PC | Py, Ph, O | ___ | ___ | Bivariate |
Deuster, S (2010) [3] | Switzerland | HC | Py | Adults | 292 Pa | Bivariate |
Chang, MT (2006) [67] | Taiwan | HC | GPs | ___ | 5046 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
5054 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Naughton, BJ (2001) [68] | USA | HC | Py, Nu | Geriatric patients | 350 episodes | Bivariate |
Lutters, M (2004) [69] | Switzerland | HC | Py | Geriatric patients | 3383 Pa | Bivariate |
Loeb, M (2005) [70] | Canada and USA | HC | Py, Nu | Geriatric patients | 4217 residents | Bivariate |
Lesprit, P (2009) [71] | France | HC | Py | ___ | 786 Pa | Bivariate |
Akter, SFU (2009) [72] | Bangladesh | HC | Py | Pediatric patients | 2171 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
1295 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Paul, M (2006) [73] | Israel | HC | Py | Adults | 1203 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
Germany | ||||||
Italy | 2326 Pa (post-) (1245 IG and 1801 CG) | |||||
Camins, BC (2009) [74] | USA | HC | Py (internists) | ___ | 784 new prescriptions | Multivariate Bivariate |
Westphal, JF (2010) [75] | France | HC | Py | ___ | 471 cases of pneumonia 104 (pre-); 367 (post-) | Bivariate |
Mullet, CJ (2001) [76] | USA | HC | Ps, Nu | Pediatric > 6 months | 809 Pa (pre-) | Bivariate |
949 Pa (post-) | ||||||
von Gunten, V (2005) [77] | Switzerland | HC | Py | ___ | 1200 Pa | Multivariate Bivariate |
Ansari, F (2003) [78] | UK | HC | Py | ___ | 40 medical and surgical wards | Multivariate |
Kisuule, F (2008) [79] | USA | HC | Py, Nu | ___ | 17 hosp. practitioners | Bivariate |
Halm, EA (2004) [80] | USA | HC | Py, Nu, Pa, O | Adults | 2094 cases | Bivariate |
1013 (pre-) | ||||||
1081 (post-) | ||||||
López-Medrano, F (2005) [81] | Spain | HC | Py | ___ | 1280 treatments | Bivariate |
Agwu, AL (2008) [82] | USA | HC | Py, Ps | Children | ___ | Bivariate |
Barenfanger, J (2001) [83] | USA | HC Pharmacy | Ph | ___ | 378 Pa (188 IG and 190 CG) | Bivariate |
Rϋttiman, S (2004) [84] | Switzerland | HC | Py | Adults | 500 Pa | Bivariate |
Martin, C (2005) [85] | USA | HC | Py | ___ | ___ | ____ |
Solomon, DH (2001) [86] | USA | HC | Py | ___ | 4500 Pa | Bivariate |
Fowler, S (2007) [87] | UK | HC | Py | Elderly ≥ 80 years | 6129 admissions | Multivariate |
Sintchenko, V (2005) [88] | Australia | HC | Py | ___ | 12 internists | Bivariate |
Yong, MK (2010) [89] | Australia | HC | Py | ___ | ___ | Bivariate |
Meyer, E (2010) [90] | Germany | HC | Py | Adults | 4684 Pa (pre-) | Multivariate |
7203 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Thursky, KA (2006) [91] | Australia | HC | Py | Adults | 489 Pa (pre-) | Multivariate |
497 Pa (post-) | ||||||
Petterson, E (2011) [92] | Sweeden | HC | Nu, Py | Elderly | 60 residents | ___ |
Tangden, T (2011) [93] | Sweeden | HC | Py | elderly | ___ | Multivariate |
Bivariate | ||||||
Talpaert, MJ (2011) [94] | UK | HC | Py | Adults | ___ | Multivariate |
Bevilacqua, S (2011) [95] | France | HC | Py | Adults | ___ | Bivariate |
Shen, J (2011) [96] | China | HC | Py | Adults | 354 patients | Multivariate |
Bivariate |
(a) PC – primary care; HC – hospital care.
(b) GPs – general practitioners; Ps – pediatrics; Py – physicians; Pa – patients or their caregivers; Ph – pharmacists; Nu – nurses; O – others.
(c) CG – control group; IG – intervention group.