Table 12.
Details of complications
| Complication | 2011 | 2001 | 1994 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of cases | Incidence (%) | No. of cases | Incidence (%) | No. of cases | Incidence (%) | |
| Dural tear | 661 | 2.1 | 219 | 1.4 | 103 | 0.6 |
| CSF leakage | 168 | 0.5 | ||||
| Neurological complications | 425 | 1.4 | 279 | 1.7 | 181 | 0.9 |
| Deep wound infection | 343 | 1.1 | 153 | 0.9 | 124 | 0.6 |
| Epidural hematoma | 288 | 0.9 | – | – | ||
| Implant dislodgement | 180 | 0.6 | – | – | – | – |
| Mental disorder | 164 | 0.5 | 47 | 0.3 | 50 | 0.3 |
| Respiratory disease | 164 | 0.5 | 65 | 0.4 | 27 | 0.1 |
| Digestive/liver disease | 127 | 0.4 | 58 | 0.4 | 49 | 0.3 |
| Circulatory disease | 99 | 0.3 | – | – | – | – |
| Wrong level | 60 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – |
| Pulmonary embolism/thromboembolism | 59 | 0.2 | 18 | 0.1 | – | – |
| Death | 54 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.08 | – | – |
| Cerebral disease | 49 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – |
| Implant failure | 9 | 0.03 | 84 | 0.5 | – | – |
| Vascular injury | 7 | 0.02 | 8 | 0.05 | – | – |
| Dislodgement of grafted bone | – | – | 42 | 0.3 | 34 | 0.2 |
| Others | 643 | 2.0 | 315 | 2.0 | – | – |
In survey, 231 overlapping cases
CSF cerebrospinal fluid