Table 21.

Relationship between the incidence of representative complications and the surgical technology used

Representative complications	No. of cases incidence (%)
	Conventional (20,697 cases)	Endoscopic (4,110 cases)	Microscopic (6,523 cases)	Percutaneous (501 cases)
Spinal cord damage (85 cases: overlapping 3 cases)	66 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	22 (0.3)	0 (0.0)
Nerve root damage (297 cases: overlapping 8 cases)	244 (1.2)	22 (0.5)	38 (0.6)	1 (0.2)
Cauda equina damage (50 cases: overlapping 2 cases)	38 (0.2)	4 (0.1)	10 (0.2)	0 (0.0)
Dural tear (685 cases: overlapping 24 cases)	486 (2.3)	100 (2.4)	98 (1.5)	1 (0.2)
Epidural hematoma (288 cases: overlapping 6 cases)	227 (1.1)	23 (0.6)	44 (0.7)	0 (0.0)
Deep wound infection (343 cases: overlapping 6 cases)	299 (1.4)	2 (0.1)	42 (0.6)	6 (1.2)