Figure 4. Granger causality (GC) in the theta frequency range.
(A) During successful encoding, frontal theta activity predicted right anterior thalamic nucleus (RATN) activity, peaking at model order 32, corresponding with a 63 ms phase lag (i.e., one third of a theta cycle). (B) During successful encoding, RATN activity was significantly (paired T-tests: T = 3.2, p = 0.014) less predictive of frontal activity. (C) During unsuccessful encoding, frontal theta activity predicted RATN activity. (D) During unsuccessful encoding, RATN was significantly (paired T-tests: T = 3.0, p = 0.018) less predictive of frontal activity.