Table 2.
Root colonization of river corridor plant species by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), dark septate endophytes (DSE) and Olpidium spp.
| Family | Plant species | RCSIa | Previous reports on AM statusb | AM typec | AMF d | Fungal endophytese | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | M | A | FDSE | FOlp | |||||
| Alliaceae | Allium angulosum | 0.86 | S-NS; G/F-AM1, (NM1), A2, 4 | A | 97.1 ± 5.1 | 73.8 ± 14.7 | 73.2 ± 15.3 | 58.4 ± 11.2 | – |
| Allium scorodoprasum | 0.82 | S-AM1 | A | 100 | 87.3 ± 3.4 | 85.8 ± 4.8 | 37.5 ± 17.0 | – | |
| Alismataceae | Alisma lanceolatum | 0.81 | S/G-AM, NM1; F-AM, NM1, A2 | NM | – | – | – | – | – |
| Apiaceae | Aethusa cynapioides | 0.76 | S-NS; G-AM1; F-AM1, 6, (NM1), A2, P2, 4, 7, 9, I2, 9, 11 | P | 73.4 ± 26.9 | 35.6 ± 16.8 | 34.9 ± 17.0 | – | – |
| Chaerophyllum bulbosum | 0.66 | S-NS; G-AM, NM1 | P | 59.3 ± 22.3 | 36.1 ± 14.1 | 35.9 ± 14.0 | – | 8.7 ± 17.5 | |
| Cnidum dubium | 0.77 | S/G-NS | P | 82.9 ± 24.4 | 54.9 ± 21.2 | 65.8 ± 27.9 | 2.1 ± 3.6 | 14.8 ± 18.1 | |
| Eryngium planum | 0.73 | S-NS; G-AM1, (NM1), A2, P2 | P | 82.5 ± 30.4 | 46.8 ± 30.6 | 46.8 ± 30.6 | – | 6.1 ± 10.5 | |
| Asteraceae | Cirsium canum | 0.73 | S-NS; G-AM1, (NM1), A2; F-AM1, 6, (NM1), A2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, (P2, NM11) | A | 75.4 ± 6.9 | 34.5 ± 17.1 | 28.1 ± 19.9 | 13.81 ± 10.2 | 1.1 ± 1.9 |
| Petasites spurius | 0.86 | S-NS; G-AM, NM1 | A | 86.2 ± 10.5 | 41.4 ± 11.2 | 40.3 ± 11.3 | 15.9 ± 5.8 | – | |
| Senecio fluviatilis | 0.89 | S-NS; G-AM1, (NM1), A2, 4, 8, 10 | A | 47.1 ± 35.8 | 8.7 ± 10.1 | 8.5 ± 10.0 | – | – | |
| Boraginaceae | Lithospermum officinale | 0.83 | S-NM1; G-AM1, NM 1; F-AM1, NM1, A2, 8, 9, P2 | A | 82.5 ± 4.4 | 46.7 ± 19.8 | 44.0 ± 23.6 | – | – |
| Myosotis sparsiflora | 0.73 | S-NS; G-AM1, NM1 | NM | – | – | – | – | 70.0 ± 18.8 | |
| Brassicaceae | Barbarea stricta | 0.76 | S-NS; G-NM1; F-NM1, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, (AM1, I4) | NM | – | – | – | 4.9 ± 5.9 | – |
| Rorippa austriaca | 0.80 | S-NS; G-NM1, (AM1) | NM | – | – | – | 6.7 ± 6.7 | – | |
| Sisymbrium strictissimum | 0.93 | S-NS; G-NM1, (AM1, I4) | NM | – | – | – | – | 41.1 ± 19.2 | |
| Butomaceae | Butomus umbelatus | 0.69 | S/G/F-NM1 | AP | 38.2 ± 51.4 | 19.6 ± 31.7 | 19.6 ± 31.7 | 2.9 ± 5.0 | – |
| Caryophyllaceae | Cucubalus baccifer | 0.76 | S/G-NS; F-AM1, NM1, 7, 8, (A2, 4) | NM | – | – | – | 4.8 ± 8.2 | 8.9 ± 7.7 |
| Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium ficifolium | 0.83 | S-NS; G/F-NM1, 4, (AM1) | NM | – | – | – | – | 7.0 ± 8.4 |
| Kochia laniflora | 0.87 | S/G-NS | NM | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Cyperaceae | Bolboschoenus maritimus | 0.78 | S/G-AM1; F-AM1, NM1, (A2, P2) | NM | – | – | – | – | 4.5 ± 5.2 |
| Carex praecox | 0.73 | S-NS; G-AM1, 6, NM1, 6 | NM | – | – | – | 3.3 ± 5.8 | – | |
| Cyperus fusus | 0.68 | S-NS; G-AM1, NM1 | NM | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Dipsacaceae | Dipsacus laciniatus | 0.91 | S-NS; G-AM1, NM1; F-AM1, (NM1), A2, 8 | A | 95.5 ± 1.6 | 64.3 ± 3.4 | 58.6 ± 6.8 | 5.0 ± 7.1 | – |
| Equisetaceae | Equisetum ramosissimum | 0.90 | S/G/F- AM1, 6, NM1, P2 | NM | – | – | – | – | – |
| Lamiaceae | Chaiturus marrubiastrum | 0.88 | S/G-NS; F-AM1, 6, (NM1), A2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, (P2, 7, I2) | A | 60.2 ± 27.6 | 30.2 ± 16.6 | 22.8 ± 9.6 | 3.3 ± 3.3 | 1.1 ± 1.8 |
| Scutellaria hastifolia | 0.90 | S-NS; G-AM1, NM1, A10 | A | 81.0 ± 12.5 | 44.1 ± 13.9 | 34.9 ± 12.3 | 3.4 ± 3.3 | – | |
| Malvaceae | Lavatera thuringiaca | 0.69 | S/G-NS; F-AM1, (NM1); A2, 5, 7, P2, 5, 7, I2 | AP | 96.7 ± 5.8 | 58.4 ± 20.0 | 56.7 ± 22.6 | – | – |
| Poaceae | Leymus arenarius | 0.71 | S-NS; G-AM1, NM1; F-AM1, 6, (NM1, 3, 6), A2, 3, 5, P2, 3, 4, 5, 8, I2, 3, 4, 5 | NM | – | – | – | – | – |
| Rosaceae | Potentilla supina | 0.69 | S-NS; G-AM1, (NM1), A9; F- AM1, 6, (NM1), A2, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, (P2) | A | 85.0 ± 3.0 | 46.4 ± 13.7 | 42.9 ± 10.1 | – | – |
| Scrophulariaceae | Gratiola officinalis | 0.85 | S/G-A9; F-AM1, 6, NM1, 8, 9, A2, 4, 7, 9, (I2, 4, P2) | A | 90.5 ± 3.9 | 32.3 ± 0.1 | 26.7 ± 2.7 | – | – |
| Limosella aquatica | 0.80 | S/G-NS | NM | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Lindernia procumbens | 0.87 | S/G-NS | A | 37.7 ± 31.0 | 17.6 ± 19.6 | 17.6 ± 19.6 | 4.4 ± 5.1 | – | |
| Violaceae | Viola stagnina | 0.75 | S-NS; G/F-AM1, 6, (NM1), P2, (A2, 7, 10) | P | 76.2 ± 8.6 | 38.3 ± 14.3 | 35.9 ± 14.0 | 8.9 ± 7.7 | – |
a River corridor-specificity indexes estimating confinement of the particular species to river corridors in Poland according to Nobis and Skórka (2014)
b AM status and AM morphotype previously reported in the studied species (S), genera (G) and families (F) according to the checklists: 1 Wang and Qiu (2006), 2 Dickson et al. (2007), and the reports published thereafter or not included in the checklists: 3 Sathiyadash et al. (2010), 4 Shah et al. (2009), 5 Muthukumar and Prakash (2009), 6 Weishampel and Bedfor (2006), 7 Zubek and Błaszkowski (2009), 8 Zubek et al. (2008), 9 Zubek et al. (2011a), 10 Zubek et al. (2011b), 11 Zubek et al. (2012). AM arbuscular mycorrhiza reported without information on AM morphotype, NM non-mycorrhizal, NS not surveyed, A Arum-type, P Paris-type, I intermediate type. The information given in parenthesis indicates rarely observed AM colonization or AM morphotypes in the genera and families
c AM status and morphotype (according to Dickson 2004) observed in this study. A Arum-type, P Paris-type, AP both Arum-type and Paris-type, NM non-mycorrhizal
d The presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Mycorrhizal parameters (percentages; mean ± SD): F mycorrhizal frequency, M relative mycorrhizal root length, A relative arbuscular richness
e Frequency of the occurrence of fungal root endophytes (percentages; mean ± SD): F DSE the mycelium of dark septate endophytes, F Olp the sporangia of Olpidium spp.