Table 1.
Cell Type | Cellular Markers | Primary Locations | Average Life Span | Functions/Features | Interaction with HIV | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macrophages | CD68+ EMR1+ CD14 |
Mucosal surface Tissues Brain (Microglia) Lungs (Alveolar) Liver (Kupffer cells) Bone (Osteoclasts) |
Week to Months | Phagocytose cellular debris and pathogens Antigen presentation Arginine production under stimulation M1/M2 polarization Tissue remodelling |
Restricted HIV replication Resist cytopathic effects Neuropathogenesis Induce PD-1 expression Induce IL-10 production Major viral reservoir Activate CTL by cross-presentation of HIV antigens |
[54, 56, 68, 71, 115] |
Monocytes | CD14hiCD16-CD14+CD16+ CD14lo/CD16hi |
Peripheral blood | Few days | Patrol blood for surveillance Precursor to macrophages Precursor to DCs Interact with LPS via CD14 Phagocytosis |
Restricted HIV replication Resist cytopathic effects Neuropathogenesis Induce PD-1 Induce IL-10 CD16+ is more permissive Viral reservoir |
[16, 50, 54, 56, 78] |
Myeloid DCs | Lin−HLA-DR+ CD11c+ CD1c+ CD123− |
Peripheral blood Cerebrospinal fluid |
Week to Months | Antigen presentation Arginine production under stimulation Phagocytosis Induce T cells in cell-mediated immunity |
Less productive viral replication Transfer in cis and trans Potential to use in vaccines Induce PD-1 Induce T cell IL-10 production |
[81, 88, 91, 93, 128] |
Neutrophils | CD15 CD16 CD62L CD33 CD13 CD11b CD11c CD24 |
Peripheral blood | Less than 2 days Or Several days when activated |
Most abundant leukocytes Arrive first at an injury site Promote acute inflammation Modulate T-cell responses Regulate humoral response Induce M1/M2 macrophages Kill bacteria via NETs Produce antimicrobial peptides Phagocytosis |
Infection not reported Binding through FC-g NETs inactivate HIV HIV induces DCs to produce IL-10 to counteract NETs. Production of a-defensins |
[8, 105, 110] |
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) | HLA-DR- CD11b+ CD33+ CD14+ CD15- CD66b CD11b VEGFR1 CD62lo CD16lo |
Peripheral blood | Few days | Prevent damage by acute and chronic inflammation. Impair T cell function via ROS, arginase-1 and cytokines Suppress IFN-g production Phagocytosis |
Increase with plasma viral load Increase with CD4+ decrease HIV infection or exposure to HIV-encoded protein Tat could drive MDSC generation in vitro |
[8, 120, 121] |
Low density Granulocytes (LDGs) |
CD15 CD33 CD13 CD11c CD24 CD16hi CD62Llo |
Peripheral blood | Few days | Impair T cell function via ROS, arginase-1 and cytokines Induce PD-L1 on neutrophils Phagocytosis Decreased adhesion |
Increase with plasma viral load Increase with CD4+ decrease Inhibit T-cell proliferation |
[8, 111, 112] |