Table 1.

A comparison of lace plant cell death morphologies

Morphological characteristics	Developmental	Environmentally induced cell death
	Leaf perforation	Heat	NaCl		Acid (HCl)		Base (NaOH)
		55°C	400 mM	2 M	3 mM	12 M	30 mM	1 M
Anthocyanin disappearance	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	+
Perinuclear chloroplast formation	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Vesicle formation	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	-
Vacuolar swelling	+	+	+	+	+	-	+	+
Nuclear condensation	+	+	+	+	+	+	-	-
Cessation of cytoplasmic streaming	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Tonoplast collapse	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
PM retraction at death	+	+	-	+	-	+	-	-
Mean total time for death (n ≥ 3; time ± st. dev.)	~48 h	5.57 ± 0.21 h	5.32 ± 0.63 h	4.25 ± 0.38 h	4.02 ± 1.2 h	3.48 ± 1.67 min	33.72 ± 5.44 min	49 ± 5.3 s

Morphologies of induced cell death (as observed in additional files) compared to developmental PCD during perforation formation (as delineated by Wertman et al. [22]).

Note: Time for death in the environmentally induced categories spans from the moment of treatment application until collapse of the tonoplast and PM retraction when possible.