Table 3.

Cross-Sectional Studies on Self-Reported Sleep Disturbances and Cognitive Function.

Reference	Sample	Age	Cognitive Measure	Short Sleep	Long Sleep	SOL	Early Waking	Night Waking	Daily Naps	EDS	PSQI/ SMHS
Roth 1999	1,000	≥18	Self-report			−
Sternberg 2013d	127,048	≥18	Battery	−	−
Stenfors 2013d,c	8,362	≥20	Self-report			−
Spiegelhalder 2008	60	≥24	Stroop								ns
Jennum 1994d,c	1,504	≥30	Self-report			−	−	−		−
Kronholm 2009d,c	5,171	≥30	Battery	−	−
Regestein 2004c	75	≥45	Battery								−
Xu 2011d,c	28,670	≥50	MMSE, VerM	−	−
Gildner 2014d	32,142	≥50	Battery	−	−
Parsey 2012d	48	≥50	EPT	ns		−					ns
Ramos 2013d,c	927	≥50	MMSE	ns	−
Miller 2014d,c	8,789	≥50	Battery	−	−	+
Lovato 2013	49	≥51	Double Span								ns
Foley 2004d,c	1,506	≥55	Self-report	ns		−	ns	−		ns
Dealberto 1996d,c	1,389	≥60	Battery							ns
Faubel 2009d,c	3,212	≥60	MMSE	ns	−
Ohayon 2002,2005d,c	1,026	≥60	Self-report	−	ns	ns			−	−
Amer 2013	100	≥60	MMSE								−
Miyata 2013d	78	≥60	N-Back, CPT								ns
Wan 2013d	88	≥60	Battery		−	−					ns
Cross 2013	43	≥60	MMSE								ns
Hoch 1994	50	≥61	MMSE								ns
Maggi 1998d,c	2,398	≥65	MMSE			+		ns
Adam 2014d,c	2,287	≥65	MMSE	ns		ns					ns
Habte-Gabr 1991d	3097	≥65	VerM	+1		ns
Whitney 1998d,c	4,578	≥65	MMSE							ns
Foley 1995	9,282	≥65	SPMSQ			+
Auyeung 2013d,c	2,947	≥65	MMSE	ns	−	−			ns
Blackwell 2011ad,c	3,132	≥65	MMSE,TMT,DV	−	−					ns	ns
Cricco 2001d,c	6,444	≥65	SPMSQ			ns
Saint Martin 2012d,c	272	≥65	Battery	ns		ns				ns	ns
Mary 2013	16	≥65	VerM	ns				−
Nebes 2009c	157	≥65	Battery	ns		−					−
Gamaldo 2008d,c	174	≥65	Battery			−
Newman 1997d,c	5,201	≥65	MMSE			ns	ns	ns		ns
Gooneratne 2003d,c	76	≥65	FOSQ-V							−
***Ward 2013d	84	≥66	Battery							ns
Tworoger 2006d,c	1,844	≥70	Battery	−	ns	−
Hayward 1992	124	≥70	Battery			ns			−
Foley 1999d	2,905	≥71	CASI							−
Schmutte 2007d,c	375	≥75	Battery	ns	−	−		ns
Chang-Quan 2012dc	660	≥90	MMSE	ns		−					−

Studies are sorted by age (lower limit). Significant effects after adjustment for demographic (^d) and comorbidity (^c) variables are indicated when more sleep complaints correlate with poorer (−) or better (+) cognitive scores. Merged cells indicate combined measures, blank cells indicate not collected/reported measures, and ns indicates p > .05.

¹Might also or instead indicate that long sleep is associated with poorer memory

Sleep Abbreviations. EDS: excessive daytime sleepiness; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (total score); SMHS: St. Mary’s Hospital Sleep Questionnaire; SOL: sleep onset latency (difficulty falling asleep)

Cognitive Test Abbreviations. CASI: Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; CPT: continuous performance test; DWRT: delayed word recall test; DV: Digit Vigilance; EPT: Everyday Problems Test; FOSQ-V: functional outcomes of sleep questionnaire – vigilance subscale; MMSE: mini mental state examination; SPMSQ: short portable mental status questionnaire; TMT: trail making test; VerM: verbal memory