Table 5.
Polysomnography and Neuropsychological Testing Studies.
| Reference | N | Age | TST | Wake | N1/N2 | N3/SWS | REM | Spindle | (NS) Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| “First Wave” of Studies | |||||||||
| Berry 1985 | 119 | 58 | ns | − AA7,RPM | + AA7, RPM(N1) | ns | ns | VIQ, PIQ, WMS | |
| Spiegel 1981 | 57 | 64 | +/− VIQ | +/− VIQ, RPM | − VIQ, RPM | PIQ | |||
| Spiegel 1986 | 43 | 69 | ns | VIQ, PIQ, RPM | |||||
| Guazzelli 1986 | 48 | 72 | ns | VerM, VisM, VIQ, PIQ,TMT,VF,speed | |||||
| Hoch 1994d,c | 50 | 75 | − MMSE | ||||||
| Feinberg 1967d | 15 | 77 | + RPM | − RPM | ns ns |
− RPM | + PIQ,WMS | ns | VIQ |
| Spiegel 1999 | 30 | 77 | + MMSE, ERFC | ns | ns | +/− MMSE, Vocab,ERFC | |||
| Kahn 1969 | 16 | 80 | + Digit | WMS, VIQ, PIQ | |||||
| Prinz 1977 | 12 | 82 | ns ns |
ns | + PIQ, WMS | VIQ | |||
| “Second Wave” of Studies | |||||||||
| Edinger 2008 | 84 | 49 | − SRT, SAT | CPT | |||||
| Lafortune 2014d | 58 | 63 | ns | ns | ns | + VF | + VerM | +VerM,VF CPT, Bells | N-Back |
| Bastien 2003 | 20 | 63 | ns | − VerM, WCST,PB | + VerM(N2) | ns | ns | VisM, TMT-A/B, WRT, DS (F/B) | |
| Anderson 2003d | 24 | 67 | +WCST, VF CFI, ToL | PVT | |||||
| Kim 2011d,c | 30 | 67 | − VerM, VF, CP | + BNT | + VisM | ||||
| Hita-Yañez 2012/2013d | 25 | 67 | ns | ns | ns | WMS VerM | |||
| Seeck-Hirschner 2012d | 19 | 68 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | MMSE, TMT-A |
| Mander 2013ad | 14 | 72 | + VisM/ VerM | ||||||
| Blackwell 2011bd,c | 2,909 | 76 | -TMTB,DV MMSE(N1) | ns | + TMT-B, DV | ||||
| Cole 2009 | 90 | 81 | − MMSE | − MMSE | |||||
| Yaffe 2011d,c | 298 | 82 | ns | ns | VerM, DS, VF, MMSE, TMT-B | ||||
Statistically significant positive (+) or negative (−) correlations following adjustment for demographic (d) and comorbidity (c) variables (if reported). The cognitive correlate is listed in each cell, and additional (ns) cognitive measures are listed in the rightmost column. Missing cells indicate that those data were not collected or reported. Studies are sorted by timing as in the main text (e.g., “first wave”), and chronological age (mean age rounded).
Sleep Abbreviations. N1: Stage 1 sleep; N2: Stage 2 sleep; N3/SWS: slow wave sleep duration, slow wave density/slope, or delta spectral power; REM: rapid eye movement sleep; SOL: sleep onset latency; TST: total sleep time; Wake indicates number of nighttime awakenings, sleep efficiency, arousal index, Non-REM shifts, or total time awake.
Cognitive Abbreviations. AA7: Army Alpha Test 7; BNT: Boston Naming Test; CP: Constructional Praxis; CPT: continuous performance test; CFI: Cattell Fluid Intelligence; Digit: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – digit symbol; DS: Digit Span (Forward and Backward); DV: Digit Vigilance; ERFC: Évaluation rapide des fonctions cognitives; MMSE: mini mental state examination (including modified [3MS] versions); PB: Purdue Board; PIQ: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Performance Intelligence Quotient; PVT: psychomotor vigilance task; SAT: switching attention; SRT: simple reaction time; TMT: Trail Making Task (part A and/or B); VerM: verbal memory; VF: verbal fluency; VisM: visual memory; VIQ: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Verbal Intelligence Quotient; Vocab: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – vocabulary subtest; WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; WMS: Wechsler Memory Scale; WRT: Wilkinson reaction time