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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 22.
Published in final edited form as: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2011 Jul;39(3):140–149. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e31821f7e45

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of housing conditions on the protective effect of wheel running against learned helplessness (LH) behaviors. Male F344 rats (n = 5 per group) were either single (1 rat per cage) or pair (2 rats per cage) housed for 6 wk. Rats in the sedentary condition (sed) had locked wheels and rats in the run condition had voluntary access to wheels (1 running wheel per cage). After 6 wk of these housing conditions, rats were either left undisturbed in their home cages (no stress) or were exposed to uncontrollable tail shock (stressed). Testing for shock-elicited freezing and escape behaviors took place 24 h later in shuttle boxes. A. Average weekly running distance recorded by the wheels in the cages of the single- and pair-housed run rats. B. Body weight gain over the course of the experiment. C. Average freezing behavior (over the course of a 20-min period) elicited by two brief foot shocks (0.6 mA) in the shuttle box. D. Average latency to escape from 25 escapable foot shocks (fixed ratio-2; 0.6 mA) administered in the shuttle box immediately after the freezing period. Data represent means ± SEM. *P < 0.05 relative to groups noted.