Table 5.

Relationship Between Student Characteristics and Knowledge Score

Variable	Univariable Analysis		Multivariable Analysis
	Point Change in Student Knowledge Scorea	P Value	Point Change in Student Knowledge Scorea	P Value
Pharmacy school	(0.13–2.20)b	<.001	(0.17—2.37)b	<.001
Postgraduate training anticipated	0.90	<.001	0.55	.01
Anticipated practice area		.02
Community/nuclear/compounding	0 (reference)
Hospital	0.72	.02
Clinical	0.97	.001
Managed care/consultant/administration	0.49	.08
Academia	0.84	.003
Pharmaceutical industry	0.70	.04
ID rotation completed	0.91	<.001	0.89	<.001
Interest in ID as specialty	1.13	<.001
Prior education regarding antimicrobials	−0.03	.89
Pharmacy education rated as useful/very useful	0.83	<.001	0.43	.047
Used resource when answering questions	0.77	.003	0.65	.008
Resources used often/sometimes
Drug databases (eg, Lexi-Comp, Micromedex, Clinical Pharmacology)	−0.26	.47
UpToDate	0.04	.86
Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines	0.75	.001	0.56	.01
Medical/pharmacy journals	0.04	.85	−0.31	.14
Peers	−0.10	.60
iPhone/smartphone applications	0.06	.78	0.43	.03
Non-ID pharmacists	0.36	.05	0.31	.08
Other professional society guidelines	0.08	.66
ID pharmacists	0.16	.38
Sanford guide	0.39	.03
Textbooks or study guides	−0.11	.52
ID physicians	0.12	.48
Wikipedia	0.01	.97
Non-ID physicians	−0.31	.08	−0.34	.06
Johns Hopkins Antibiotic Guide	0.11	.52
Pharmaceutical representatives	−0.92	.02

Abbreviation: ID, infectious diseases.

^a For example, a value of 0.5 would represent an average increase of 0.5 points on the 0–11 point student knowledge scale when the characteristic is present.

^b Reference is lowest-scoring school. Range of coefficients is displayed; coefficients reported by school are provided in Supplementary Appendix 2.