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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2013 Mar 1;8(3):621–642. doi: 10.1007/s11481-013-9443-y

Figure 1. Mechanisms of HIV CNS inflammation and the development of HAND.

Figure 1

HIV enters the CNS within infected CD14+CD16+ monocytes that transmigrate across the BBB in response to chemokines. These cells produce virus and inflammatory mediators and differentiate into infected macrophages. HIV infected cells release neurotoxic viral proteins, and both infected and uninfected cells elaborate cytokines and chemokines in response to CNS infection. These factors activate CNS cells, recruit additional monocytes into the CNS, mediate ongoing neuroinflammation and promote the development of HAND.