Fig. 4.

Multiple mechanisms of action have been identified for atrazine’s demasculinizing and feminizing effects on male gonads. Arrows indicate processes that are increased; bars indicate processes that are inhibited. Red lines indicate demasculinizing pathways that are directly affected by ATR and green lines indicate feminizing pathways that are directly affected by ATR. Numbers on pathways, refer to mechanisms listed in the text (see Section 1.5). ABP = androgen binding protein, ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone, AR = androgen receptor, ATR = atrazine, CORT = cortisol/corticosterone, CRH = corticotrophin-releasing hormone, DHT = dihydrotestosterone, E2 = 17β estradiol, ER = estrogen receptor, FSH = follicle stimulating hormone, GnRH = gonadotropin stimulating hormone, LH = luteinizing hormone, P = progesterone, PRL = prolactin., and T = testosterone (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)