Table 3. Factors associated with renal dysfunction among HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected siblings by univariable logistic regression.

	With Renal Dysfunction	Without Renal Dysfunction	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-value
	(n = 112)	(n = 132)
	n (%) or median [IQR]	n (%) or median [IQR]
Age (years)	9 [5–11]	8 [4.5–10]	1.50	0.22
Sex
Male	57 (50.89)	61 (46.21)	0.83 (0.51–1.37	0.47
Female	55 (49.11)	71 (53.79)
Symptoms
Rash	5 (4.46)	13 (9.85)	0.43 (0.15–1.24)	0.12
Oral Sore	1 (0.89)	2 (1.52)	0.59 (0.05–6.54)	0.66
Diarrhea	1 (0.89)	1 (0.76)	1.18 (0.07–19.09)	0.91
Cough	17 (15.18)	21 (15.91)	0.95 (0.47–1.90)	0.88
Edema	0 (-)	0 (-)	-	-
Past Medical History
Fever	5 (4.46)	9 (6.82)	0.64 (0.21–1.96)	0.43
TB	8 (7.14)	3 (2.27)	3.30 (0.86–12.78)	0.08
Herpes Zoster	1 (0.89)	3 (2.27)	1.18 (0.07–19.09)	0.91
Recurrent Pneumonia	4 (3.57)	2 (1.52)	2.41 (0.43–13.40)	0.32
Oral Thrush	0 (-)	3 (2.27)	-	-
Co-trimoxazole use	33 (29.46)	33 (25.00)	1.25 (0.71–2.21)	0.43
Physical Examination
Pallor	5 (4.5)	7 (5.3)	0.83 (0.26–2.71)	0.76
Thrush	1 (0.9)	3 (2.3)	0.39 (0.04–3.78)	0.41
Lymphadenopathy	16 (14.3)	10 (7.6)	2.03 (0.88–4.68)	0.10
Severe Malnutrition	1 (0.9)	2 (1.5)	0.59 (0.05–6.54)	0.66
CD4 count (cells/uL)*
Mean	535.8 (399.3)	644.7 (363.4)	1.58	0.11
Median	481 [204–747]	612 [341–895)	0.82	0.37
WHO Clinical Stage*
1	0 (-)	3 (4.9)	-
2	16 (26.7)	23 (37.7)	0.35 (0.09–1.35)
3	36 (60.0)	31 (50.8)	0.58 (0.16–2.12)	0.23
4	8 (13.3)	4 (6.6)	1
Random Blood Glucose	6.2 [5.2–6.8]	5.8 [5–6.7]	2.25	0.13
Schistosoma positive †	51 (45.5)	33 (25.00)	2.51 (1.46–4.31)	0.001
Schistosoma intensity †
Negative	61 (54.5)	99 (75.0)	1
1+	12 (10.7)	15 (11.4)	1.30 (0.57–2.96)
2+	13 (11.6)	5 (3.8)	4.22 (1.43–12.4)	0.001
3+	26 (23.2)	13 (9.9)	3.25 (1.55–6.79)
HIV-infected	61 (54.5)	61 (46.2)	1.39 (0.84–2.31)	0.19

*For the 122 HIV-infected cases only

^† Schistosoma infection and intensity were both determined with the urine CAA assay.