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. 2014 Oct 10;54(2):110–123. doi: 10.1021/bi5007354

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Model for the mammalian DNA damage checkpoint pathways and/or systems. Two main DNA damage checkpoint pathways and/or systems have been defined on the basis of the PIKK family member damage sensor (ATR or ATM) that initiates the signal transduction cascade. DNA damage by ionizing radiation (IR) and other agents that induce double-strand breaks activates the ATM pathway, while DNA damage by UV and UV-mimetic agents that produce bulky base adducts activates the ATR pathway, although there is overlap and crosstalk between the two pathways.