Equilibrium structures of the five Au144(SR)60 NPs shown on a common scale (bar length = 1.0 nm). The ligand RS-groups are: 11-mercapto-1-undecanesulfonate −SC11H22(SO3−) (MUS−, top left), 5-mercapto-1-pentanesulfonate −SC5H10(SO3−) (MPS−, top right), 5-mercapto-1-pentaneamine −SC5H10(NH3+) (MPM+, center), 4-mercapto-benzoate −SPh(COO−) (pMBA−, bottom left), and 4-mercapto-benzamide −SPh(CONH3+) (pMBM+, bottom right). The effective diameter of the inorganic Au144S60 core is 2.0 nm. The Au and S atoms are represented as large spheres (van der Waals), and the ligands are in the ball-and-stick (CPK) representation (Au: pink. S: yellow. O: red. C: cyan. N: blue. H: white). All graphics were rendered with VMD32.