TABLE 2.

Primary outcomes of BCO2-KO mice fed an HSFD with or without lycopene supplementation for 12 wk¹

	Experimental groups
	Males		Females		Two-factor ANOVA
	HSFD+LyP	HSFD+Ly	HSFD+LyP	HSFD+Ly	Overall	Diet × sex	Diet	Sex
Mice, n	10	12	10	12
Liver weight, g	1.04 ± 0.04	0.98 ± 0.03	0.89 ± 0.03	0.90 ± 0.02	<0.01	0.26	0.37	<0.01
Initial BW, g	19.5 ± 0.50	19.4 ± 0.40	16.2 ± 0.37	16.1 ± 0.28	<0.01	0.99	0.75	<0.01
Final BW, g	35.3 ± 1.27	34.5 ± 1.25	25.3 ± 1.13	26.7 ± 1.13	<0.01	0.36	0.9	<0.01
BW gain, g	15.8 ± 1.17	15.0 ± 1.34	9.04 ± 0.99	10.6 ± 0.92	<0.01	0.31	0.79	<0.01
Hepatic steatosis incidence, %	80	18*	0	0	NA	NA	0.02	<0.01
Hepatic steatosis score, median (range)	1 (0–2)	0 (0–2)*	0 (0–0)	0 (0–0)	NA	NA	0.02	<0.01
Hepatic inflammatory foci incidence, % of mice	30	8	0	8	NA	NA	0.53	0.14
Hepatic lipids, mg/g wet tissue
TC	2.47 ± 0.30	2.28 ± 0.20	3.01 ± 0.21	3.04 ± 0.17	0.04	0.62	0.73	0.01
FC	1.50 ± 0.05	1.43 ± 0.04	1.50 ± 0.03	1.49 ± 0.04	0.44	0.38	0.25	0.45
CE	0.96 ± 0.27	0.85 ± 0.14	1.51 ± 0.19	1.55 ± 0.14	0.02	0.7	0.87	<0.01
TG	29.9 ± 2.32	24.2 ± 2.27†	33.9 ± 2.44	30.0 ± 1.38	0.02	0.67	0.03	0.06
Plasma lipids
TG, mg/dL	255 ± 17.1	249 ± 18.0	251 ± 18.7	234 ± 22.7	0.88	0.79	0.55	0.62
TC, mg/dL	109 ± 2.79	107.8 ± 4.04	96.5 ± 5.16	95.5 ± 5.79	0.08	0.96	0.79	0.01
HDL-C:TC, %	51.5 ± 1.11	46.8 ± 0.90	47.2 ± 0.76	47.5 ± 0.79	0.92	0.66	0.99	0.59
Non–HDL-C, mg/dL	57.9 ± 1.96	57.4 ± 2.51	51.2 ± 3.18	50.3 ± 3.56	0.15	0.94	0.79	0.02

¹Values are means ± SEMs or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Two-factor ANOVA was used to examine the overall, diet, sex, and diet × sex effects. Symbols indicate different from HSFD+LyP within sex: *P < 0.05, ^†P = 0.09. BCO2-KO, β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase-knockout; BW, body weight; CE, cholesteryl ester; FC, free cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; HSFD, high saturated fat diet; HSFD+Ly, high saturated fat diet supplemented with lycopene; HSFD+LyP, high saturated fat diet supplemented with lycopene placebo beadlet; NA, not applicable; TC, total cholesterol.