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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2015 Jan;8(1):114–123. doi: 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.114.001319

Figure 3. Schematic representation of a crossover study design.

Figure 3

In Phase I, patients are randomized to treatment with placebo or study drug and testing relevant to the study end-points, such as peak volume of oxygen consumption (pVO2), occurs at study drug day 1 (i.e., baseline) and day 90. Following a 21-day drug wash out period, subjects enter Phase II of the trial, which is characterized by cross-over to therapy opposite of Phase I. Repeat end-point assessment will be performed at study drug day 90 of Phase II. Change in performance on end-points from study drug day 1 at study drug day 90 (Phase I) are compared to change in performance from study drug day 1 at study drug day 90 (Phase II), using a 2-sided, paired Student’s t test.