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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Feb 20.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Biosyst. 2014 Nov 24;11(2):338–353. doi: 10.1039/c4mb00627e

Figure 4. Representative ATP-grasp enzymes involved in primary metabolism.

Figure 4

(A) The reaction catalyzed by biotin carboxylase. (B) Substrates used by ATP-grasp enzymes that catalyze amide bond formation including D-Ala:D-Ala ligase (i), glutathione synthetase (ii), glycinamide ribonucleotide synthetase (iii), carnosine synthetase (iv), β-D-Asp:UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid-pentapeptide ligase (v), Nε-L-Lys:3R-methyl-D-ornithine ligase (vi), ribosomal protein S6 modification protein RimK (vii), tubulin-tyrosine ligase (viii), and tyramine-glutamate ligase (ix), and UDP-N-acetyl-D-fucosamine-4N-α-ketoglutarate synthetase (x).