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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 23.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2008 Dec;64(6):654–663. doi: 10.1002/ana.21511

Figure 1. Metabolic coupling between glucose and superoxide production.

Figure 1

Glucose can support superoxide production by supplying reducing equivalents to either NADPH oxidase or the mitochondria. Glucose transport and entry into cells is blocked by glucose-free medium or by 2-deoxyglucose. Flux of glucose carbon and glucose-derived NADPH to mitochondria is blocked by iodoacetate at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase step of glycolysis. The production of NADPH in the hexose monophosphate shunt is blocked by 6-aminonicotinamide, and the activity of NADPH oxidase is blocked by apocynin or by p47phox deficiency.