Table 1.
Endocrine factors known to oscillate with a periodicity of 24 hours in humans.
| Hormone | Time-of-day- dependent Rhythm |
Time of Peak | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cortisol | Yes | 0700–0800h | Kalsbeek et al16; Carroll et al3 |
| Growth Hormone | Yes | Pulsatile secretion, with Increased amplitude at night | Avram et al1; Jaffe et al20; Villadolid et al21; Goji et al22 |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (females) | No | NA | Klingman et al153 |
| Testosterone (males) | Yes | 0700h | Walton et al5 |
| Prolactin | Yes | 0200h (amplitude larger in females) | Freeman et al4 |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone | Yes | 0100–0200h | Russell et al2 |
| Triiodothyronine | Yes | 0230–0330h | Russell et al2 |
| Thyroxine | No | NA | Russell et al2 |
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system | Yes | Early morning | White et al154 |
| Fibroblast growth factor 21 | Yes | 0500–0800h | Lee et al155; Yu et al156 |
| Ghrelin | Yes | 0200–0430h (fed state) 1300h (fasted state) | Koutkia et al157; Natalucci et al158 |
| Adiponectin | Yes | 1200–1400h | Scheer et al7; Gavrila et al23 |
| Leptin | Yes | 0100h | Gavrila et al23 |
| Vasopressin | Yes | Middle of night | Forsling et al159 |
| Insulin | Yes | 1700h | Goel et al6 |
| Melatonin | Yes | Middle of night | Van Cauter et al36 |