Table 2. Effects of combination therapy on glucose and insulin excursions during OGTT in ZDF and ZL rats.

		ZDF Vehicle	ZDF Pio	ZDF Cana	ZDF Combo	ZL Vehicle
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)	0 min	434.3 ± 22.4 ##	109.8 ± 4.2 **	155.8 ± 18.2 **	119.4 ± 2.8 **	110.7 ± 3.7
	15 min	575.3 ± 25.9 ##	266.4 ± 8.8 **	241.1 ± 17.0 **	231.4 ± 16.0 **	144.7 ± 7.2
	30 min	661.8 ± 25.7 ##	236.1 ± 12.1 **	275.3 ± 17.1 **	178.8 ± 13.5 ** †† §§	125.8 ± 3.2
	60 min	624.2 ± 13.0 ##	232.0 ± 9.3 **	262.5 ± 11.9 **	173.4 ± 9.4 ** †† §§	145.6 ± 3.8
	120 min	531.7 ± 10.0 ##	160.9 ± 4.9 **	180.7 ± 10.9 **	141.7 ± 8.1 ** §	108.3 ± 2.4
Plasma insulin (ng/mL)	0 min	3.2 ± 0.3	4.4 ± 0.2 **	6.2 ± 0.6 **	3.3 ± 0.3 † §§	2.9 ± 0.4
	15 min	3.9 ± 0.6 ##	13.3 ± 1.1 **	12.3 ± 1.7 **	8.1 ± 0.5 ** †† §	10.6 ± 1.5
	30 min	3.3 ± 0.4	6.1 ± 0.5 **	7.5 ± 1.3 **	2.7 ± 0.4 †† §§	5.3 ± 0.9
	60 min	2.2 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.8 **	5.0 ± 0.5 **	2.0 ± 0.4 †† §§	4.4 ± 1.0
	120 min	2.1 ± 0.2	3.4 ± 0.4 *	3.9 ± 0.5 **	1.9 ± 0.2 †† §§	2.3 ± 0.4

Canagliflozin (Cana; daily dose of 10 mg/kg), pioglitazone (Pio; daily dose of 10 mg/kg), and their combination (Combo) were administered by oral gavage for 6 weeks. Overnight-fasted animals were subjected to OGTT 2 days after the last dosing. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 8). ## P < 0.01 vs. ZL rats, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated ZDF rats, † P < 0.05, †† P < 0.01 vs. Pio-treated ZDF rats, § P < 0.05, §§ P < 0.01 vs. Cana-treated ZDF rats.