Table 2. Characteristics of the included trials.
| Study author and country | Subject age (yrs), [mean ± SD] | Sample size (n)[completed/ dropout] | Pharmacological regimens | Exercise interventions | Device and ROIs | QS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bassey [12] 1998 Canada | HRT (T = 53.7±3.2, C = 53.4±4.5). nHRT (T = 55.8±3.3, C = 54.9±4.1) | HRT (T = 24/0, C = 22/0). nHRT (T = 45/0, C = 32/0) | Physician prescribed HRT regimens | Five bouts of 10 vertical jumps with arm swing in counter movement, 6 days per week for 12 mos. Compliance: 91%. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 3 |
| Chilibeck [30] 2002 Canada | Bisp (T = 55.9±8.3, C = 58.3±6.7). Placebo (T = 56.8±6.3, C = 58.8±5.7) | Bisp (T = 12/3, C = 14/0). Placebo (T = 10/4, C = 12/2) | 400 mg/d of etidronate supplement for 14 d, followed by 76 d of 500 mg/d of calcium carbonate | Two sets of 8–10 reps of 5 upper and 4 lower body exercises at 70% 1RM, 3 days per week for 12 mos. Compliance: 77.6%. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 3 |
| Chilibeck [29] 2013 Canada | HRT (T = 56.7±6.6, C = 55.8±5.0). Placebo (T = 55.3±6.3, C = 56.4±7.1) | HRT (T = 66/11, C = 66/11). Placebo (T = 71/9, C = 62/3) | 165mg isoflavones daily | Two sets of 8 reps of strength training at 80% 1RM, 2 days per week for 24 mos. Compliance: 77%. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 5 |
| Going [13] 2003 USA | HRT (T = 54.8±4.0, C = 54.9±5.0). nHRT (T = 55.8±4.7, C = 57.1±5.0) | HRT (T = 71/15, C = 65/8). nHRT (T = 71/20, C = 59/11) | Estrogen, or estrogen and progesterone | Two sets of 6–8 reps of strength training at 70% or 80% 1RM plus high-impact exercises, 3 days per week for 12 mos. Compliance: 79.9%. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 2 |
| Kohrt [14] 1995 USA | HRT (T = 66.0±3.0, C = 67.0±3.0). nHRT (T = 65.0±3.0, C = 66.0±3.0) | HRT (T = 8/0, C = 8/0). nHRT (T = 8/0, C = 8/0) | 0.625 mg estrogen and 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 13 consecutive days every third month | Walking, jogging, and/or stair climbing at a heart rate of 126–130 beats/min or 79–80% of maximal heart rate, 3–5days per week for 9 mos. Compliance: 3.3days per week. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 1 |
| Kohrt [15] 1998 USA | HRT (T = 66.0±4.0, C = 65.0±3.0). nHRT (T = 66.0±3.0, C = 68.0±3.0) | HRT (T = 16/0, C = 10/0). nHRT (T = 18/0, C = 10/0) | 0.625 mg estrogen and 5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 13 consecutive days every third month | Walking, jogging, and/or stair climbing at a heart rate of 126–130 beats/min or 79–80% of maximal heart rate, 3–5days per week for 18 mos. Compliance: 3.3days per week. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 1 |
| Maddalozzo [23] 2007 USA | HRT (T = 52.1±3.1, C = 51.8±2.9). nHRT (T = 52.3±3.3, C = 52.5±3.0) | HRT (T = 33/4, C = 34/1). nHRT (T = 29/6, C = 29/5) | 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen daily | Two sets of 10–12 reps of resistance exercise at 50% 1RM and three sets of 8–12 reps at 60–75% 1 RM, 2 days per week for 12 mos. Compliance: 84.7% and 86.2% for nHRT and HRT plus exercise. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 2 |
| Milliken [24] 2003 USA | HRT (54.4 ± 4.4). nHRT (56.9 ± 4.6) | HRT (T = 17/0, C = 21/0). nHRT (T = 25/1, C = 27/3) | Estrogen, or estrogen plus progesterone/ testosterone | Two sets of 6–8 reps of resistance exercises at 70–80% 1RM, plus aerobic weight-bearing exercises, 3 days per week for 12 mos. Compliance: no statement. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 2 |
| Wu [28] 2006 Japan | Isoflav (T = 54.4±2.9, C = 53.8±2.9). Placebo (T = 54.9±2.9, C = 55.2±2.8) | Isoflav (T = 30/1, C = 25/8). Placebo (T = 24/7, C = 29/4) | 75 mg of isoflavone conjugates/day | One section of 45-min supervised walking exercise at the speed of 5–6 km/h, 3 days per week for 12 mos. Compliance: no statement. | DXA: Ls, Fn | 3 |
T: exercise intervention group; C: control group; RM: repetition maximal; reps: repetitions; yrs: years; mos: months; HRT: hormone replacement therapy; nHRT: non-hormone replacement therapy; SD: standard deviation; Bisp: Bisphosphonate; Isoflav: Isoflavone; Ls: Lumbar spine; Fn: Femoral neck; DXA: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; ROIs: regions of interest; QS: quality score.