Table 3. Primary and subgroup analyses.

Analysis	Studies (n)	Participants (n)	Heterogeneity (p value)	Inconsistency (I2)	Statistical methods	SMD 95%CI	Test for overall effect
All Studies
Lumbar spine	9	1248	<0.001	78.7%	Random-effects methods	0.511 (0.118 0.904)	z = 2.55 (p = 0.011)
Femoral neck	9	1248	0.089	41.7%	Random-effects methods	0.135 (-0.095 0.365)	z = 1.15 (p = 0.251)
HRT
Lumbar spine	6	1162	<0.001	80.8%	Random-effects methods	0.729 (0.186 1.273)	z = 2.63 (p = 0.009)
Femoral neck	6	1162	0.466	0.0%	Fix-effects methods	0.220 (0.011 0.429)	z = 2.07 (p = 0.039)
Isoflavone
Lumbar spine	2	427	0.018	82.2%	Random-effects methods	0.196 (-0.551 0.942)	z = 0.51 (p = 0.608)
Femoral neck	2	427	0.016	82.8%	Random-effects methods	0.053 (-0.704 0.810)	z = 0.14 (p = 0.891)
Impact exercise
Lumbar spine	4	337	0.002	79.1%	Random-effects methods	1.252 (0.465 2.039)	z = 3.12 (p = 0.002)
Femoral neck	4	337	0.365	5.5%	Fix-effects methods	0.414 (0.106 0.723)	z = 2.63 (p = 0.008)
Resistance exercise
Lumbar spine	5	911	0.333	12.7%	Fix-effects methods	0.083 (-0.110 0.276)	z = 0.84 (p = 0.402)
Femoral neck	5	911	0.284	20.5%	Fix-effects methods	-0.021 (-0.215 0.172)	z = 0.22 (p = 0.828)