Table 1.
Examples of gene variants contributing to substance abuse that also correlate with the severity of HIV disease progression
| Neurochemical System | Gene | Variant (polymorphism/isoform | Outcome(s) measured | Finding/Interpretation | Selected Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dopamine | Drd1 | rs265975 | Drug dependence | Altered opiate/cocaine dependence | (Jacobs et al., 2013) |
| Drd2 | multiple | Drug dependence | Altered opiate/cocaine dependence | (Jacobs et al., 2013) | |
| Drd3 | rs6280TC | Cognition | Increased cognitive impairment | (Gupta et al., 2011) | |
| Drd4 | Impulsivity | Altered inhibitory control | (Congdon, Lesch, & Canli, 2008) | ||
| SLC6A3(DAT1) | Altered inhibitory control | (Congdon et al., 2008) | |||
| SLC6A3(DAT1) | 3′ UTR 40 bp | HAND | No relationship to cognitive impairment | (Levine et al., 2012) | |
| MAO1 | |||||
| MAO2 | |||||
| COMT | rs4680 (val158met) | HIV serostatus | Significant correlation | (Sundermann et al., 2013) | |
| COMT | rs4680 (val158met) | HAND | No relationship to cognitive impairment | (Levine et al., 2012) | |
| dopaminergic trophic factor | BDNF | rs6265 (val66met) | HAND | No relationship to cognitive impairment | (Levine et al., 2012) |
| Opioid | OPRM1 | HIV progression response to cART | Specific polymorphisms associated with HIV progression and response to treatment | (Proudnikov et al., 2012) | |
| OPRM1 |
MOR-1K MOR-1 |
HAND and HIVE | ↑MOR-1K with HAND & HIVE; MOR-1 unaltered | (Dever et al., 2014) | |
| OPRM1 | MOR-1 | Susceptibility to drug [opiate?] overdose | (Manini et al., 2013) | ||
| OPRM1 | A C17T | Drug use | (Crystal et al., 2012) | ||
| OPRM1 | MOR-1 | Drug use | MOR-1 isoform unaltered | (Crystal et al., 2012) | |
| OPRK1 | HIV risk | Specific polymorphisms associated with HIV progression & response to treatment | (Proudnikov et al., 2013) | ||
| OPKR1 | KOR-1 | ↑OPRK1 in anterior cingulate; homeostatic attempt to decrease inflammation in exchange for motor impairment | (Yuferov, Butelman, Ho, Morgello, & Kreek, 2014) | ||
| PDYN | ↓PDYN in anterior cingulate; homeostatic attempt to decrease inflammation in exchange for motor impairment | (Yuferov et al., 2014) |