Table 4. Self-reports at 18 years of age in adolescents born EP and at term.
| Unadjusted results | Adjusted resultsa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Response variable CHQ-CF87 (range 0–100) |
EP-born (n = 31) mean (SE) |
Term-born (n = 29) mean (SE) |
EP- vs. term-born estimated mean differences (95% CI) |
p-value | EP- vs. term-born b (95% CI) |
GSE score b (95% CI) |
Interaction term group by gender EP- vs. term-born b (95% CI) |
| Physical functioning | 93.7 (2.9) | 98.5 (0.6) | −4.4 (−9.0, 0.2) | 0.06 | −0.4 (−5.4, 4.7) | 5, 4 (1.3, 9.6)* | |
| Role/social-emotional | 88.9 (3.9) | 92.7 (2.7) | −3.9 (−14.2, 6.3) | 0.44 | 13.6 (6.1, 21.1)** | Boys: 17.9 (1.8, 34.0)b
Girls: −1.7 (−12.9, 9.5) |
|
| Role/social-behavioral | 95.0 (2.8) | 99.2 (0.5) | −6.7 (−16.4, 2.9) | 0.16 | 2.0 (−2.8, 6.7) | 5.2 (0.6, 9.8)* | |
| Role/social-physical | 94.6 (2.9) | 100.0 (0.0) | −5.4 (−11.6, 0.8) | 0.09 | −0.1 (−6.4, 6.3) | 8.7 (3.9, 13.6)** | |
| Bodily pain | 74.2 (4.4) | 76.6 (4.2) | −2.1 (−13.8, 9.6) | 0.71 | 5.4 (−6.6, 17.4) | −0.4 (−10.8, 10.0) | |
| Behavior | 76.2 (3.0) | 78.2 (1.9) | −1.9 (−9.1, 5.3) | 0.59 | 4.6 (−2.6, 11.8) | 9.9 (3.9, 15.8)** | |
| Mental health | 72.9 (3.2) | 75.1 (2.1) | −2.1 (−10.1, 5.8) | 0.59 | 2.5 (−5.9, 10.9) | 10.6 (4.1, 17.1)** | |
| Self-esteem | 69.7 (2.9)d | 75.4 (2.6) | −6.1 (−14.4, 2.3) | 0.15 | 15.1 (9.4, 20.9)*** | Boys: 14.2 (3.4, 25)c
Girls: −5.2 (−12.7, 2.2) |
|
| General health | 70.4 (3.3) | 73.7 (3.1) | −3.0 (−11.6, 5.6) | 0.49 | 3.7 (−5.9, 13.3) | 11.6 (3.8, 19.5)** | |
| Family activity | 88.0 (3.3) | 91.4 (2.5) | −3.8 (−13.1, 5.5) | 0.40 | 1.0 (−8.6, 10.6) | 3.4 (−3.8, 10.7) | |
| Family cohesion | 74.5 (4.9) | 74.5 (4.7) | 0.1 (−13.9, 14.0) | 0.99 | 7.6 (−7.5, 22.7) | 15.1 (2.7, 27.5)* | |
| YSR: | |||||||
| Total problems (range 0–210) |
33.0 (5.2) | 29.1 (3.1) | 3.7 (−8.7, 16.1) | 0.54 | −9.9 (−21.6, 1.9) | −20.7 (−30.3, −11.1)*** | |
| Internalizing (range 0–62) |
10.2 (2.0) | 8.2 (1.2) | 1.9 (−2.8, 6.6) | 0.41 | −2.9 (−7.4, 1.5) | −9.4 (−12.8, −6.0)*** | |
| Externalizing (range 0–64) |
8.4 (1.3) | 9.8 (1.0) | −1.4 (−4.7, 1.9) | 0.39 | −3.9 (−7.4, −0.5)* | −3.3 (−6.1, −0.4)* | |
Notes.
- EP
- extremely preterm
- CHQ
- Child Health Questionnaire-Child Form87
- YSR
- Youth Self-Report
- GSE
- General Self-Efficacy (score range 1–4)
Higher scores reflect better outcome on the CHQ, but more problems on the YSR.
a
Mixed linear model adjusted for gender, maternal education at 10 years of age, GSE and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/mild mental retardation. If interaction term group by gender was not significant (p > 0.05) model without is reported.
b
Test of interaction assessing if differences between boys and girls were different in the EP and the term-born group, p = 0.040.
c
Test of interaction assessing if differences between boys and girls were different in the EP and the term-born group, p = 0.003.
d
Split by gender, EP female 66.6 vs. term-born female 78.8, p-value = 0.009.
*
p < 0.05.
**
p < 0.01.
***
p < 0.001.