Table 1.
Baseline characteristics associated with recent non-fatal overdose among IDU in Vancouver, Canada (n = 1697).
| Characteristic | Non-fatal Overdose | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes 124 (7.3%) |
No 1573 (92.7%) |
Odds Ratio (95% CI*) | p - value | |
| Age‡ | ||||
| Median (IQR§) | 38.9 | 42.2 | - | 0.038 |
| (33.7 – 46.2) | (35.6 – 48.0) | |||
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 79 (63.7) | 1066 (67.8) | 0.84 (0.57 – 1.22) | 0.353 |
| Female | 45 (36.3) | 507 (32.2) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Caucasian | 88 (71.0) | 956 (60.8) | 1.62 (1.08 – 2.43) | 0.019 |
| Other | 35 (28.2) | 616 (39.2) | ||
| Unstable housing† | ||||
| Yes | 92 (74.2) | 1093 (69.5) | 1.29 (0.85 – 1.97) | 0.235 |
| No | 31 (25.0) | 475 (30.2) | ||
| Sex work† | ||||
| Yes | 22 (17.7) | 231 (14.7) | 1.28 (0.79 – 2.08) | 0.310 |
| No | 99 (79.8) | 1334 (84.8) | ||
| Daily cocaine injection† | ||||
| Yes | 21 (16.9) | 153 (9.7) | 1.89 (1.15 – 3.11) | 0.011 |
| No | 103 (83.1) | 1419 (90.2) | ||
| Daily heroin injection† | ||||
| Yes | 53 (42.7) | 419 (26.6) | 2.06 (1.42 – 2.99) | <0.001 |
| No | 71 (57.3) | 1154 (73.4) | ||
| Daily crack smoking | ||||
| Yes | 63 (50.8) | 621 (39.5) | 1.58 (1.10 – 2.28) | 0.014 |
| No | 61 (49.2) | 951 (60.5) | ||
| Heavy alcohol use | ||||
| Yes | 22 (17.7) | 251 (16.0) | 1.14 (0.70 – 1.83) | 0.605 |
| No | 102 (82.3) | 951 (60.5) | ||
| Require help injecting† | ||||
| Yes | 45 (36.3) | 364 (23.1) | 1.85 (1.26 – 2.72) | 0.002 |
| No | 78 (62.9) | 1168 (74.3) | ||
| Injecting in public | ||||
| Yes | 76 (61.3) | 567 (36.0) | 2.80 (1.92 – 4.08) | <0.001 |
| No | 48 (38.7) | 1003 (63.8) | ||
| Injecting alone | ||||
| Yes | 104 (83.9) | 1088 (69.2) | 1.75 (1.06 – 2.90) | 0.027 |
| No | 19 (15.3) | 348 (22.1) | ||
| Incarceration | ||||
| Yes | 37 (29.8) | 259 (16.5) | 2.20 (1.46 – 3.31) | <0.001 |
| No | 85 (68.5) | 1309 (83.2) | ||
| Denied treatment | ||||
| Yes | 14 (11.3) | 78 (5) | 2.52 (1.38 – 4.60) | 0.002 |
| No | 106 (85.5) | 1489 (94.7) | ||
| HIV serostatus | ||||
| Positive | 45 (36.3) | 602 (38.3) | 0.92 (0.63 – 1.34) | 0.662 |
| Negative | 79 (63.7) | 971 (61.7) | ||
| Physical abuse | ||||
| Mod/Heavy | 53 (42.7) | 522 (33.2) | 1.52 (1.04 – 2.21) | 0.029 |
| Low/None | 67 (54.0) | 1000 (63.6) | ||
| Sexual abuse | ||||
| Mod/Heavy | 48 (38.7) | 461 (29.3) | 1.56 (1.06 – 2.28) | 0.022 |
| Low/None | 72 (58.1) | 1078 (68.5) | ||
| Emotional abuse | ||||
| Mod/Heavy | 61 (49.2) | 690 (43.9) | 1.31 (0.90 – 1.91) | 0.155 |
| Low/None | 56 (45.2) | 832 (52.9) | ||
| Physical neglect | ||||
| Mod/Heavy | 40 (32.3) | 475 (30.2) | 1.18 (0.79 – 1.76) | 0.412 |
| Low/None | 76 (61.3) | 1066 (67.8) | ||
| Emotional neglect | ||||
| Mod/Heavy | 58 (46.8) | 781 (49.7) | 0.96 (0.66 – 1.40) | 0.844 |
| Low/None | 58 (46.8) | 752 (47.8) | ||
*
95% CI = 95% Confidence interval
†
Denotes events in the previous six months
‡
Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for continuous variables
§
IQR = Interquartile range
Note: Not all cells add up to 1697 as participants may choose not to answer sensitive questions