Table 2.

Multivariate generalized estimating equation analyses of factors associated with non-fatal overdose among IDU in Vancouver Canada (n = 1697).

Characteristic	Model
	1	2	3	4	5
Physical abuse (mod/heavy vs. none/low)	1.36 (1.08 –1.71)*
Sexual abuse (mod/heavy vs. none/low)		1.48 (1.17 –1.87)*
Emotional abuse (mod/heavy vs. none/low)			1.54 (1.22 –1.93)**
Physical neglect (mod/heavy vs. none/low)				1.28 (1.01 –1.62)*
Emotional neglect (mod/heavy vs. none/low)					0.99 (0.79 –1.24)
Age (per year older)	-	-	-	-	1.01 (1.00 –1.02)
Daily cocaine injection (yes vs. no)	-	-	-	-	1.26 (0.96 –1.66)
Daily heroin injection (yes vs. no)	1.67 (1.34–2.09)**	1.72 (1.37 –2.14)**	1.46 (1.16 –1.83)*	-	1.39 (1.09 –1.75)*
Daily crack smoking (yes vs. no)	-	-	-	-	0.87 (0.70 –1.08)
Heavy alcohol use (yes vs. no)	-	-	-	1.36 (1.09 –1.72)*	1.38 (1.08 – 1.75)*
Require help injecting (yes vs. no)	1.71 (1.37 –2.13)**	1.69 (1.35 –2.11)**	-	1.69 (1.36 –2.11)**	1.53 (1.22 –1.93)**
Binge drug use (yes vs. no)	-	-	-	-	1.26 (1.04 –1.52)*
Injecting in public (yes vs. no)	-	-	1.92 (1.55 –2.37)**	-	1.65 (1.32 –2.07)**
Injected alone (yes vs. no)	-	-	-	-	1.18 (0.92 –1.51)
Incarceration (yes vs. no)	-	-	-	2.25 (1.80 –2.81)*	1.93 (1.54 –2.41)**
Denied treatment (yes vs. no)	-	-	-	-	1.27 (0.92 –1.77)

Note: independent variables not associated with dependent variable at p<0.10 in bivariate analysis are not included in table

- Indicates variable was not included in the final multivariate model

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.001