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. 2014 Nov 19;18(6):508. doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0508-y

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© Wu et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Gene expression profile comparisons regarding signaling pathways. Graphs describe co–differentially upregulated genes (A) in different pathways of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including patients with stable COPD and acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD), as compared to healthy control subjects. Also shown are co–differentially expressed upregulated genes (B) or downregulated genes (C) from patients with AECOPD, as compared to patients with stable COPD and healthy control subjects. ECM, Extracellular matrix; MHC, Major histocompatibility complex; Pi3K, Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.