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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 15.
Published in final edited form as: Behav Brain Res. 2014 Dec 8;0:9–15. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.006

Figure 2.

Figure 2

A schematic representation of potential bilingual CR mechanisms. Bilingualism may delay the onset of clinical AD symptoms through positive effects on the functioning of frontostriatal and frontoparietal brain systems involved in executive control functions. The DLPFC represents a key hub in both frontoparietal and frontostriatal networks relevant to executive functions. DA, dopamine; NE, norepinephrine. See text for discussion of potential mechanisms that may contribute to bilingual CR effects.

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