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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 31.
Published in final edited form as: J Gastrointest Surg. 2014 Oct 16;19(2):282–289. doi: 10.1007/s11605-014-2675-1

Figure 1. Differences between the BCs and control cohort in the overall costs, observed direct costs, and expected direct costs.

Figure 1

The bar graph to the left represents costs differences, comparing those that developed a biliary complication to those that did not. The higher number represents increased costs that were associated with biliary complications. For example, overall mean cost difference was $225,303 – $189,091. The chart to the right represents the mean direct cost index, calculating using the observed-to-expected cost ratios for those with and without biliary complications. A direct cost index of 1·00 represents an expected direct cost. The direct cost index for patients with biliary complications was 1·13±0·41 vs. 1·02±0·53 for those without such complication (p<0·001).