Figure 2.

A) At a fixed ventricular afterload pressure, the decrease in ventricular filling pressure results in shifting of the P-V loops towards lower volumes at both the end-systole/diastole phase. E_es, a slope of pressure and volume, and V_o can be characterized by the linear end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESVPR). On the other hand, the non-linear end-diatolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) was obtained. B) the P-V loops become longer and thinner when ventricular afterload increases at a fixed preload pressure [19].