Table 1.

Primary studies of language-related paradigms included in the first meta-analysis.

Publication	Paradigm	n	Foci
Binder et al., 1996 [57]	Passive listening words	12	6
Booth et al., 2002 [58, 59]	Auditory rhyming	13	7
	Visual meaning-rhyming	13	3
Palmer et al., 2001 [60]	Overtly or covertly generate words	10	26
Crosson et al., 1999 [61]	Repetition emotional neutral words	17	7
Devlin et al., 2003 [62]	Semantic + phonological	12	26
	Phonological > semantic	12	34
van Turennout et al., 2003 [63]	Naming novel, repeated objects	10	11
Binder et al., 2003 [64]	Stimuli were words or nonwords	24	26
Booth et al., 2002 [58, 59]	Visual words spelling	13	9
Gold and Buckner, 2002 [65]	Semantic decision on words	24	3
Mechelli et al., 2006 [66]	Naming black and white objects	12	22
Saccuman et al., 2006 [67]	Word class-semantic reference	13	18
Pihlajamäki et al., 2000 [68]	Category fluency	14	9
Jobard et al., 2007 [69]	Word reading	10	12
Damasio et al., 2001 [70]	Action tool word retrieval	20	1
	Concrete entities	20	5
Simmons et al., 2008 [71]	Word association	10	32
	Property generation	10	26
Davis et al., 2004 [72]	All words versus letter strings	12	9
	Verbs versus noun	12	1
Liljeström et al., 2008 [73]	Action naming	15	30
	Object naming action images	15	24
	Object naming simple images	15	12
Chee et al., 2003 [74]	Low and high frequency	12	7
	Low and high frequency	12	10
Sabsevitz et al., 2005 [75]	Concrete > abstract nouns	28	26
Bedny and Thompson-Schill, 2006 [76]	Nonwords > words	13	11