Table 1.
Factors associated with catheter-associated urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli versus non-ESBL-producing E. coli
| Variable | ESBL- producing E. coli isolates (N = 271) | Non-ESBL-producing E. coli isolates (N = 1893) | Total (N = 2164) | Bivariable analysis p- value a | Multivariable analysis Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (range) age, in years | 70.4 (24-98) | 67.5 (18-103) | 67.9 (18-103) | *0.003b | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) |
| Gender (reference, female) | 0.01 | 1.22 (0.91, 1.65) | |||
| Male (n (%)) | 86 (31.7%) | 462 (24.4%) | 548 (25.3%) | ||
| Female (n (%)) | 185 (68.3%) | 1431 (75.6%) | 1616 (74.7%) | ||
| HIV Positive | 5 (1.9%) | 12 (0.6%) | 17 (0.8%) | 0.052c | 2.09 (0.66, 6.55) |
| Diabetes | 89 (32.8%) | 522 (27.6%) | 611 (28.2%) | 0.07 | NA |
| Urinary Tract Disease | 226 (83.4%) | 1420 (75.0%) | 1646 (76.1%) | 0.003 | 1.43 (1.01, 2.03) |
| Malignancy | 59 (21.8%) | 363 (19.2%) | 422 (19.5%) | 0.31 | NA |
| Mean (range) Duration of Catheterization Prior to CAUTI Onset, in days (Mean) | 7.74 (0-78) | 6.32 (0-124) | 6.50 (0-124) | *0.03b | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) |
| Urinary Tract Procedure | 26 (9.59%) | 113 (5.97%) | 139 (6.42%) | 0.02 | 1.43 (0.88, 2.32) |
| Mean (range) Charlson Comorbidity Score | 7.73 (0-35) | 6.76 (0-51) | 6.88 (0-51) | 0.001d | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) |
| Antibiotics Received Prior to CAUTI Onset | 174 (64.2%) | 804 (42.5%) | 978 (45.2%) | <0.0001 | NA |
| Antibiotic received** | |||||
| Aminoglycoside | 27 (9.9%) | 73 (3.9%) | 100 (4.6%) | <0.0001 | 5.42 (1.77, 16.55) |
| Cephalosporin, 1st Gen. | 66 (24.4%) | 346 (18.3%) | 412 (19.0%) | 0.02 | 2.34 (1.63, 3.36) |
| Cephalosporin, 3rd Gen. | 23 (8.5%) | 29 (1.5%) | 52 (2.4%) | <0.0001 | 2.89 (0.79, 10.67) |
| Macrolide | 22 (8.1%) | 69 (3.7%) | 91 (4.2%) | 0.001 | 2.39 (1.12, 5.08) |
| Penicillin, 2nd Gen. | 17 (6.3%) | 91 (4.8%) | 108 (5.0%) | 0.30 | NA |
| Penicillin, 4th Gen. | 50 (18.5%) | 173 (9.1%) | 223 (10.3%) | <0.0001 | 2.65 (1.48, 4.76) |
| Vancomycin | 59 (21.8%) | 203 (10.7%) | 262 (12.1%) | <0.0001 | 3.40 (2.26, 5.12) |
CAUTI, catheter-associated urinary tract infection; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; NA, not included in multivariable model.
aChi-Square test unless otherwise denoted; bT-test; cFisher’s Exact Test; dWilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test.
*F-Test for Equality of Variances indicated unequal variance and appropriate p-value was used.
** In the multivariable model, antibiotics were examined as a seven-level categorical variable. Reference category: No antibiotics prior to CAUTI onset.