Table 2.
Review of 15 metabolites differentiating animals with histopathological evidence of cardioinflammation from uninjured animals
| Identified biochemical (pathway) | Literature review (biochemical and/or pathway) | References |
|---|---|---|
| Ornithine (phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism) | inhibition of nitric oxide; relationship between nitric oxide modulation of the Frank-Starling response in heart; nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase are sensitive to thermal stress in fish | [42] |
| 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) propionate (phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism) | Biological nitrification inhibition (in plants); phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations are reduced after Hsp70 increase and heat stress (in yeast) | [43,44] |
| N1-Methyladenosine (purine metabolism, adenine containing) | N1-methyladenosine analogues are cardioprotective agents in ischemic reperfusion model; decreased infarction; purine metabolism associated with myocardial steatosis and down-regulation of adipose triglyceride In heart | [45,46] |
| Xylonate (nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism) | Deficiency in pentose metabolism produces a protective effect through decreased cholesterol synthesis, superoxide production, and reductive stress | [47] |
| 1-Stearoylglycerol (1-Monostearin) (monoacylglycerol) | Associated with increased lipid catabolism and remodeling mitochondrial oxidation to aerobic glycolysis (hepatocellular carcinoma) | [48] |
| Carnitine (carnitine metabolism) | Disrupted carnitine metabolism is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and increased pulmonary flow (lamb model); cardioprotective by increasing heat shock protein synthesis in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy | [49-51] |
| Taurodeoxycholate (bile acid metabolism) | Bile acids exert a protective effect after ischemic injury in porcine hearts; cause endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrial stress; deoxycholate and taurodeoxycholate affect heart mitochondria by decreasing respiration, affecting membrane potential, inducing mitochondrial permeability transition, and altering mitochondrial bioenergetics; impaired cardiac mitochondrial function may cause cardiac alterations in cholestasis | [52-55] |
| Deoxycholate (bile acid metabolism) | (see above) | (see above) |
| Trigonelline (N’-Methylnicotinate) (nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism) | Cardioprotective effects after isoproterenol induced myocardial dysfunction (reduction in Hsp27, αB-crystallin and calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase-II-δ) | [56] |
| Diisopropanolamine (xenobiotics - chemical metabolism) | Increases choline uptake without affecting phospholipid synthesis (Chinese hamster ovary cells) | [57] |
| X – 17502 (Unknown) | n/a | n/a |
| X – 12419 (unknown) | n/a | n/a |
| X – 15808 (unknown) | n/a | n/a |
| X – 12131 (unknown) | n/a | n/a |
| X – 15651 (unknown) | n/a | n/a |