Table 4.
Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Models of All-Cause and CVD-Related Mortality by Age-Related Macular Degeneration
| Participants Ages 67 to 82 years (N=4179) |
Participants Ages 83+ years (N=731) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | All-Cause Mortality (HR and 95% CI) |
CVD-Related Mortality (HR and 95% CI) |
All-Cause Mortality (HR and 95% CI) |
CVD-Related Mortality (HR and 95% CI) |
| Early AMD, present vs absent | 1.01 (0.81, 1.27) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.31) | 1.21 (0.90, 1.62) | 1.42 (0.94, 2.12) |
| Sex, female vs male | 0.72 (0.58, 0.90)** | 0.77 (0.53, 1.12) | 0.64 (0.46, 0.89)** | 0.70 (0.44, 1.11) |
| Smoking Status, former vs never | 1.55 (1.24, 1.94)** | 1.16 (0.81, 1.67) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 0.82 (0.53, 1.26) |
| Smoking Status, current vs never | 2.26 (1.71, 2.98)** | 1.99 (1.26, 3.15)** | 1.40 (0.86, 2.26) | 1.66 (0.68, 4.04) |
| BMI, per kg/m2 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99)* | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.95)** | 0.91 (0.85, 0.96)** |
| Number of Medications, per unit | 1.07 (1.04, 1.11)** | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20)** |
| Self-Reported Health Status, poor vs good | 1.14 (0.89, 1.42) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.27) | 1.50 (0.95, 2.36) | 1.27 (0.67, 2.43) |
| Depressive Symptomology, yes vs no | 1.17 (0.94, 1.46) | 1.41 (0.86, 2.30) | 0.65 (0.40, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.52, 2.00) |
| Cognitive Status, impaired vs unimpaired | 2.49 (1.99, 3.12)** | 2.28 (1.60, 3.27)** | 1.53 (1.13, 2.07)** | 1.12 (0.72, 1.73) |
| Diabetes, yes vs no | 1.27 (0.96, 1.52) | 1.24 (0.81, 1.90) | 1.27 (0.89, 1.82) | 1.07 (0.57, 2.01) |
| Walking Disability, yes vs no | 2.04 (1.62, 2.57)** | 1.81 (1.24, 2.62)** | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.65, 1.59) |
| Total Plasma Cholesterol, per mmol/L | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.19) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.25) |
| High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, per mmol/L | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | 0.83 (0.54, 1.27) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.34) | 0.52 (0.30, 1.01) |
| History of Angina, yes vs no | Not Included in Model | 1.56 (1.02, 2.38)* | Not Included in Model | 1.21 (0.69, 2.11) |
| History of Cancer, yes vs no | 2.05 (1.66, 2.54)** | Not Included in Model | 1.11 (0.84, 1.47) | Not Included in Model |
| History of Cardiovascular Disease, yes vs no | 1.09 (0.94, 1.26) | Not Included in Model | 0.86 (0.65, 1.14) | Not Included in Model |
| Record of Clinical Cardiovascular Event, yes vs no | Not Included in Model | 1.59 (1.02, 2.47)* | Not Included in Model | 0.95 (0.53, 1.70) |
| Microalbuminuria, yes vs no | 1.48 (1.12, 1.95)** | 1.52 (0.98, 2.36) | 1.92 (1.36, 2.71)** | 1.97 (1.23, 3.15)** |
| Chronic Kidney Disease, yes vs no | 1.33 (1.08, 1.62)** | 1.35 (0.98, 1.88) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.47) | 1.17 (0.77, 1.78) |
| Late AMD, present vs absent | 1.37 (0.95, 1.98) | 1.07 (0.55, 2.06) | 1.76 (1.20, 2.57)** | 2.37 (1.41, 3.98)** |
| Sex, female vs male | 0.73 (0.59, 0.91)** | 0.73 (0.51, 1.06) | 0.64 (0.46, 0.88)** | 0.64 (0.40, 1.01) |
| Smoking Status, former vs never | 1.58 (1.27, 1.97)** | 1.11 (0.78, 1.58) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) |
| Smoking Status, current vs never | 2.29 (1.75, 2.99)** | 1.89 (1.21, 2.95)** | 1.42 (0.94, 2.15) | 1.92 (0.94, 3.92) |
| BMI, per kg/m2 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99)** | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.89, 0.96)* | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98)* |
| Number of Medications, per unit | 1.08 (1.04, 1.12)** | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12)* | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12)* | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20)** |
| Self-Reported Health Status, poor vs good | 1.31 (0.99, 1.67) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.10) | 1.33 (0.87, 2.05) | 1.15 (0.53, 2.49) |
| Depressive Symptomology, yes vs no | 1.15 (0.93, 1.42) | 1.28 (0.79, 2.06) | 0.66 (0.42, 1.03) | 0.63 (0.27, 1.45) |
| Cognitive Status, impaired vs unimpaired | 2.31 (1.85, 2.87)** | 2.35 (1.67, 3.32)** | 1.56 (1.15, 2.13)** | 1.35 (0.87, 2.09) |
| Diabetes, yes vs no | 1.24 (0.94, 1.48) | 1.20 (0.79, 1.82) | 1.22 (0.88, 1.68) | 1.18 (0.65, 2.13) |
| Walking Disability, yes vs no | 1.97 (1.58, 2.45)** | 1.74 (1.22, 2.50)** | 0.98 (0.78, 1.23) | 1.16 (0.74, 1.80) |
| Total Plasma Cholesterol, per mmol/L | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.21) | 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) |
| High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, per mmol/L | 1.05 (0.90, 1.23) | 0.83 (0.55, 1.26) | 1.07 (0.82, 1.40) | 0.53 (0.30, 1.05) |
| History of Angina, yes vs no | Not Included in Model | 1.67 (1.11, 2.51)* | Not Included in Model | 1.07 (0.61, 1.90) |
| History of Cancer, yes vs no | 1.96 (1.60, 2.42)** | Not Included in Model | 1.08 (0.83, 1.41) | Not Included in Model |
| History of Cardiovascular Disease, yes vs no | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) | Not Included in Model | 0.87 (0.67, 1.11) | Not Included in Model |
| Record of Clinical Cardiovascular Event, yes vs no | Not Included in Model | 0.51 (0.98, 2.33) | Not Included in Model | 1.07 (0.59, 1.94) |
| Microalbuminuria, yes vs no | 1.53 (1.17, 1.99)** | 1.53 (1.01, 2.34)* | 1.84 (1.30, 2.60)** | 2.08 (1.28, 3.37)** |
| Chronic Kidney Disease, yes vs no | 1.29 (1.06, 1.57)* | 1.36 (0.99, 1.87) | 1.20 (0.97, 1.50) | 1.37 (0.89, 2.11) |
HR = Hazard Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval,
*
p-value < 0.05,
**
p-value < 0.01;
“Not Included in Model” indicates a variable that did not meet the AIC criteria as outlined in the methods section.