Table 2.

Top Four Most Commonly Used Patient-Related Outcomes for Research in Vestibular Rehabilitation

Name of Measure	Items	Development				Psychometric properties				Number of Studies Using Scale
		Initial Development	Methods used to develop instrument	Population in which instrument was validated	Target Population	Test- retest reliability	Content validity	Construct validity	Criterion validity
Dizziness Handicap Inventory	25	Jacobson and Newman (1990)19	Case history reports	Initial instrument development: 25 males and 38 females (mean age 49 years, range 21- 82) with dizziness prior to vestibular testing; Instrument refinement: 40 males and 66 females (mean age 48 years, range 15- 85) with dizziness occasionally, frequently, or continuously	Individuals with dizziness referred for vestibular testing	0.97	Bilateral peripheral vestibular loss is associated with lower self- perceived handicap in balance compared to individuals with balance problems but normal balance tests28	Negative correlation between DHI and ABC in the elderly (r=0.64; age range 26- 88 years)29	ABC (r=− 0.64)29 Short-form 36 health survey (SF- 36; r=0.53- 0.72)30	57
Activities- specific Balance Confidence	16	Powell and Myers (1995)20	Interviews with physical and occupational therapists and patients	17 males and 43 females over 65 years of age with high mobility (mean age 71 years) or low mobility (mean age 78 years) living in the community	Older individuals with balance impairments	0.92	Assessed as part of development; physical and occupational therapists identified most important activities applicable to elderly persons	Falls efficacy scale (r=−0.33)	Physical self- efficacy (r=0.49) PANAS (r=0.12)	14
Vertigo Symptom Scale Short Form	15	Yardley et al (1992)21	Patient interviews and literature review	50 males and 77 females (mean age 46.5 years, range 18-80) with a complaint of vertigo presenting to a neurology neuro- otology clinic	Individuals with vertigo referred to a neurology neuro- otology clinic	0.89-0.98	Not reported	Vestibular Rehabilitation Benefit Questionnaire (r=0.45) Vertigo Handicap Questionnaire (r=0.19-0.41)31	VSS and Beck Depression Inventory (r=0.55) Poor in VSS and SF-3632	14
Vertigo Visual Analogue Scale	9	Kammerlind et al (2005)22	Based on pain visual analog scale	26 males and 24 females (mean age 63 years, range 29- 85) with acute unilateral peripheral vestibular loss or central vestibular dysfunction presenting to a neurology or otolaryngology clinic	Individuals with peripheral or central vestibular impairment	0.85-0.96	Not reported	DHI and VAS: r=0.67 DHI subscale and VAS33 Functional: r=0.71 Emotional: r=0.65 Physical: r=0.45	Not reported	26