Table 2.
Daily intakes of nutrients of the participants before and after grape juice supplementations
| Nutrients | 0 week | 4 weeks | 8 weeks | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kcal) | 1,588.1 ± 68.7 | 1,620.4 ± 51.1 | 1,597.3 ± 62.3 | ns |
| Protein (g) | 77.0 ± 8.2 | 65.4 ± 2.6 | 67.2 ± 3.5 | ns |
| Fat (g) | 46.9 ± 2.8 | 52.7 ± 3.0 | 54.0 ± 3.6 | ns |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 218.0 ± 8.8 | 221.0 ± 7.4 | 207.7 ± 8.1 | ns |
| Calcium (mg) | 435.8 ± 28.7 | 406.1 ± 22.9 | 404.6 ± 23.2 | ns |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 85.6 ± 9.2 | 63.6 ± 4.0 | 66.9 ± 6.5 | ns |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 13.5 ± 0.8 | 13.9 ± 0.8 | 13.1 ± 0.8 | ns |
| Vitamin A (µg RE) | 705.9 ± 61.9 | 671.2 ± 44.2 | 721.4 ± 82.1 | ns |
| Retinol (mg) | 66.3 ± 7.8 | 96.8 ± 11.9 | 144.7 ± 54.0 | ns |
All values are means ± SE. Values with different letters within a row are significantly different at p<0.05 after Scheffe’s test followed by ANOVA. p value by one-way ANOVA. The total amount of carbohydrate intake described is only from diet. Additional 3 bottles of grape juice added 70 g of carbohydrate which made ~300 g of carbohydrate/day which is still less than the maximum allowed intake of carbohydrate. (The 2010 dietary reference intake of carbohydrate is 55–70% of total calorie intake in adult).