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Intracellular antioxidant enzymes and their chain reactions. Superoxide (O2•−), predominantly induced from the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), reacts with nitric oxide (NO•) and forms peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Peroxynitrite, a potent oxidant, then induces apoptosis or necrosis. MnSOD, which locates in mitochondria, eliminates O2•− and inhibits binding with NO•.
