. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jan 26.

Published in final edited form as: Cerebellum. 2003;2(3):184–195. doi: 10.1080/14734220310016132

Table 1.

Effects of alcohol, opiates, and nicotine on granule and Purkinje cell development in the cerebellum

Substance	Target Cell Population	Effect (References)
*Alcohol*	Granule Neurons	Proliferation (↓ or no effect)^35,204
		Differentiation^* (Δ)⁴⁰ / Migration (Δ)^40,41,44
		Death (↑)^{38,45-50,54,66-69,73,204-206}
	Purkinje Cells	Proliferation (?)
		Differentiation (↓)²⁰⁷
		Death (↑) (or reduced cell numbers)^74,208,209

*Opioids*	Granule Neurons	Proliferation (↓)^90,92,155
		Differentiation (Δ)^34,88,92
		Death (no effect)^92,155
	Purkinje Cells	Proliferation (?)
		Differentiation (↓)^33,88,106
		Death (↑)^33,210

*Nicotine*	Granule Cells	Proliferation (↑)¹⁸⁰
		Differentiation (?) (Δ synaptic function)^{168,182,184,211,212}
		Death (↓)¹⁸⁰
	Purkinje Cells	Proliferation (?)
		Differentiation (?) (Δ synaptic function)^185,213-217
		Death (?)

Alcohol and drug effects on Purkinje cell maturation are noted because the profound interdependence of granule and Purkinje neurons during development.

Differentiation is defined specifically as an alteration in the growth or complexity of axons and/or dendrites. Key: ↑ = increased; ↓ = decreased; A = changed or disrupted; ? = uncertain