Table 2.
Blood pressure (BP) measurement techniques in studies among workers in West Africa
| No. | References | Personnel taking BP | No. of visits | Interval between visits | Frequency of readings per visit | Initial rest time (min) | Interval between multiple readings (mins) | Reading used in analysis | cuff size | Posture | Body part for cuff | Device |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Konin et al. (64) | 1–3. Those with raised BP on 1st visit and known hypertensives made 2 additional visits | 10–15 | Manual | ||||||||
| 2 | Koffi et al. (76) | 1 | 2 | Supine | ||||||||
| 3 | Addo et al. (30) | Trained interviewers | 1–2, BP repeated at a later visit if initially >140/90 mmHg without treatment | 3 weeks | 3 | ≥10 | 1 | Mean of 2nd & 3rd readings | Appropriate cuff size | Seated | Right arm | Electronic – Omron M51 |
| 4 | Gunga et al. (78) | |||||||||||
| 5 | Amidu et al. (71) | Qualified nurses | 1 | 2 | ≥5 | 5 | Mean of 2 readings | Left arm | Manual | |||
| 6 | Aryeetey & Ansong (60) | Trained personnel | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | Mean of 2 readings | Left arm | Manual – Accoson MK.3 | |||
| 7 | Giles et al. (43) | 1–2, 2nd visit for those with raised BP at 1st visit | 2 readings at 1st visit, 3 readings at 2nd visit | 5 | Mean of 3 readings | Left arm | Electronic – Dynamap 8100 | |||||
| 8 | Abidoye et al. (75) | |||||||||||
| 9 | Kadiri et al. (73) | Trained physicians | 1 | 3 | 1 | Mean of 3 readings | Appropriate cuff sizes | Manual | ||||
| 10 | Abidoye et al. (74) | Seated | Manual | |||||||||
| 11 | Bunker et al. (79) | Trained observers | 2 | 1 | ≥5 | Mean of the 2 readings from each visit | Appropriate cuff size | Seated | Arm | Manual – Baumanometer | ||
| 12 | Huston et al. (51) | Certified technicians | 3 | 2 days after 1st visit and 1 day after 2nd visit | 3 | 5 | 1 | Mean of latter 2 readings over all the three visits | Arm | Manual | ||
| 13 | Olatunbosun et al. (53) | 1 | 1 | Single reading | Left arm | Manual | ||||||
| 14 | Oyeyemi & Adeyemi (55) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 3–5 | Mean of 3 readings | Left arm | Electronic – Dinamap 8100/8101 | ||||
| 15 | Bunker et al. (47) | Certified medical students | 1 | 3 | ≥5 | Mean of latter 2 readings | Appropriate cuff size | Seated | Arm | Manual – Baumanometer | ||
| 16 | Ekpo et al. (50) | Trained observers | 1 | 2 | ≥5 | Only the 2nd reading analysed | Appropriate cuff size | Arm | Manual | |||
| 17 | Olugbile & Oyemade (42) | |||||||||||
| 18 | Balogun & Owoaje (37) | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | Appropriate cuff size | Seated | Right arm | Electronic – OMRON | |||
| 19 | Odugbemi et al. (39) | Trained observers | 1 | 2 | 2 | Mean of 2 readings | Seated | Right arm | Manual | |||
| 20 | Uwanuruochi et al. (80) | Physicians | 1 | 12×25 cm | Manual – Accoson | |||||||
| 21 | Funke & Ibrahim (62) | Physicians | 1 | 3 | ≥3 | Mean of 3 readings | Appropriate cuff size | Seated | First 2 measured on left arm and 3rd on right arm | Manual | ||
| 22 | Owolabi et al. (65) | 1 | 2 | 5 | 5 | Mean of 2 readings | Cuff size 12.5 cm | Seated | Left arm | |||
| 23 | Adeoye et al. (66) | Manual – Accoson | ||||||||||
| 24 | Ogunlesi et al. (44) | 1 | 3 | 5 | Mean of 3 readings | One of three cuff sizes used as appropriate | Right arm | Electronic | ||||
| 25 | Ofuya (81) | 1 | 1 | ≥5 | Single reading | Seated | arM | Electronic – OMRON Hem-412C | ||||
| 26 | Oviasu & Okupa (54) | 1 | 1 | 5 | Single reading | 12×22 cm | Seated | Left arm | Manual | |||
| 27 | Kaufman et al. (70) | Trained observers | 1 | 3 | 5–10 | Appropriate cuff sizes | Manual | |||||
| 28 | Ulasi et al. (40) | 1 | 3 | 10 | 5 | Mean of 3 readings | Appropriate cuff size | Non-dominant arm | Manual – Accoson | |||
| 29 | Ordinioha (59) | 1 | 3 | ≥3 | Mean of latter 2 readings | Appropriate cuff size | Seated | Arm | Manual | |||
| 30 | Ebare et al. (83) | 1 | 2 | 15 | Mean of 2 readings | Seated | Right arm | Manual | ||||
| 31 | Shittu et al. (46) | |||||||||||
| 32 | Idahosa (52) | Two staff nurses who cross-checked unusual BP readings | 1 | 2 | ≥5 | Mean of 2 readings | 14×52 cm | Seated | Right arm | Electronic – UEADA 8000 validated against Accoson mercury device | ||
| 33 | Amoran et al. (41) | Trained health workers | ||||||||||
| 34 | Okojie et al. (68) | 1 | 2 | Mean of 2 readings | Seated | Arm | Manual | |||||
| 35 | Oghabon et al. (67) | 1–2, subjects with raised BP re-evaluated | 1 day | 2 | 5–10 | Seated | Both arms in same subject | Manual | ||||
| 36 | Charles-Davies et al. (38) | |||||||||||
| 37 | Ordinioha & Brisibe (77) | 1 | 3 | Mean of latter 2 readings | Appropriate cuff size | Seated | Arm | Manual | ||||
| 38 | Emerole et al. (57) | Physicians | 1 | Manual | ||||||||
| 39 | Ige et al. (58) | |||||||||||
| 40 | Omokhodion & Kolude (72) | 1 | ||||||||||
| 41 | Lang et al. (45) | Researchers | 1 | 2 | ≥5 | Mean of 2 readings | Seated | Manual | ||||
| 42 | Seck et al. (31) | Skilled doctors and nurses | 1 | |||||||||
| 43 | Mbaye et al. (69) | Physicians | 1 | 1–2, BP measurement repeated if 1st is raised | ≥5 | 2nd measurement used in the analysis, if 1st measurement is raised | Seated | Electronic | ||||
| 44 | Atatsi et al. (61) | |||||||||||
| 45 | Yayehd et al. (56) | 1 | 3 | 15 | Mean of latter 2 readings | Seated | Both arms in the same subject | Manual |