Table 4.
R&D expenditure (2008–2012 annual average) and disease burden (2010) compared
| DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Cause or cause group | DALYs (% of total) | R&D (% of total) | Neglect factor | Dollar per DALY | LMIC | HIC | IRF | Disease type |
| All causes | 100 (100–100) | 100.00 | 1 (1–1) | 107 (83–139) | 38041.42 (27279.01–52476.16) | 26421.32 (19916.73–34930.07) | 1.44 (.78–2.63) | Ic (Ic-Ic) |
| All G-FINDER diseases | 13.82 (10.35–18.14) | 1.34 | 10.3 (7.7–13.6) | 10 (8–13) | 5808.1 (4,243–7,765) | 468.9 (385–573) | 12.4 (7–20) | II (II-II) |
| HIV AIDS | 3.27 (2.81–3.80) | 0.48 | 6.9 (5.9–8.0) | 16 (14–17) | 1376.3 (1,188–1,571) | 108.9 (98–121) | 12.6 (10–16) | II (II-II) |
| Malaria | 3.32 (2.40–4.68) | 0.24 | 13.7 (9.9–19.3) | 8 (6–10) | 1414.6 (961–2,050) | 0.1 (0–1) | 11465.2 (1,268–1,303,421) | III (III-III) |
| Tuberculosis | 1.98 (1.52–2.39) | 0.23 | 8.8 (6.7–10.6) | 12 (11–15) | 837.9 (654–1,010) | 41.4 (34–51) | 20.3 (13–30) | II (II-II) |
| Diarrheal diseases | 1.82 (1.35–2.37) | 0.07 | 27.1 (20.0–35.2) | 4 (3–5) | 769.0 (533–1,068) | 47.3 (31–70) | 16.3 (8–35) | II (II-II) |
| Rotavirus | 0.75 (.55–.97) | 0.02 | 34.6 (25.3–44.8) | 3 (3–4) | 315.8 (221–428) | 18.7 (12–27) | 16.9 (8–35) | II (II-II) |
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) | 0.28 (.21–.35) | 0.00 | 104.8 (80.7–133.6) | 1 (1–1) | 114.9 (83–155) | 17.5 (11–26) | 6.6 (3–14) | II (II-II) |
| Cholera | 0.18 (.13–.25) | 0.01 | 14.9 (10.5–20.5) | 7 (6–10) | 76.3 (46–119) | 0.0 (0–0) | 3156.8 (708–13,273) | III (III-III) |
| Shigella | 0.28 (.22–.36) | 0.01 | 30.9 (23.5–39.4) | 3 (3–4) | 119.3 (87–162) | 7.5 (5–11) | 15.9 (8–33) | II (II-II) |
| Cryptosporidium | 0.34 (.25–.44) | 0.00 | 82.5 (60.2–108.7) | 1 (1–2) | 142.6 (95–205) | 3.6 (2–6) | 39.8 (15–107) | III (II-III) |
| Dengue | 0.03 (.01–.06) | 0.08 | 0.4 (.2–.7) | 266 (155–637) | 13.3 (5–29) | 4.7 (2–8) | 2.9 (1–14) | Ic (Ib-II) |
| Kinetoplastids | 0.18 (.10–.33) | 0.06 | 2.8 (1.5–5.3) | 38 (22–66) | 74.7 (38–140) | 5.4 (3–11) | 13.9 (3–55) | II (II-III) |
| Chagas disease | 0.02 (.01–.04) | 0.01 | 2.3 (1.1–4.7) | 46 (24–93) | 8.5 (4–18) | 4.9 (2–10) | 1.7 (0–8) | Ic (Ib-II) |
| Leishmaniasis | 0.13 (.08–.21) | 0.02 | 5.5 (3.4–8.6) | 19 (13–30) | 56.7 (33–92) | 0.5 (0–1) | 117.7 (45–290) | III (III-III) |
| Sleeping sickness | 0.02 (.00–.08) | 0.02 | 1.4 (.2–4.6) | 78 (25–574) | 9.6 (1–30) | – | a | III (III-III) |
| Helminths (worms & flukes) | 0.49 (.27–.88) | 0.03 | 14.9 (8.0–26.7) | 7 (4–13) | 209.6 (114–381) | 1.6 (1–3) | 130.4 (37–479) | III (III-III) |
| Roundworm (ascariasis) | 0.05 (.03–.10) | 0.00 | 63.3 (32.4–119.9) | 2 (1–3) | 22.4 (12–40) | 0.4 (0–1) | 50.6 (12–205) | III (II-III) |
| Hookworm (Ancylostomiasis & Nectoriasis) | 0.13 (.06–.24) | 0.00 | 34.3 (17.0–64.5) | 3 (2–6) | 55.1 (27–102) | 0.9 (0–2) | 59.5 (16–212) | III (II-III) |
| Whipworm (trichuriasis) | 0.03 (.01–.05) | 0.00 | 60.3 (31.2–106.3) | 2 (1–3) | 10.9 (6–18) | 0.0 (0–0) | 1110.4 (323–3,864) | III (III-III) |
| Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) | 0.11 (.07–.17) | 0.01 | 19.4 (11.9–29.7) | 5 (4–8) | 47.5 (31–69) | – | a | III (III-III) |
| Onchocerciasis (river blindness) | 0.02 (.01–.03) | 0.00 | 4.8 (3.3–6.8) | 22 (17–30) | 8.5 (6–11) | – | a | III (III-III) |
| Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) | 0.13 (.06–.27) | 0.01 | 13.0 (6.3–26.1) | 8 (4–16) | 56.6 (27–127) | – | a | III (III-III) |
| Tapeworm (cysticercosis/taeniasis) | 0.02 (.01–.03) | 0.00 | 19.1 (13.5–26.6) | 6 (4–7) | 8.6 (6–13) | 0.2 (0–0) | 37.7 (13–116) | III (II-III) |
| Bacterial pneumonia & meningitis | 1.61 (1.33–1.91) | 0.04 | 41.3 (34.1–48.9) | 3 (2–3) | 654.9 (528–805) | 178.6 (151–209) | 3.7 (3–5) | II (Ic-II) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 1.40 (1.16–1.66) | 0.03 | 51.1 (42.4–60.4) | 2 (2–2) | 567.9 (458–697) | 171.0 (145–200) | 3.3 (2–5) | II (Ic-II) |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 0.21 (.17–.25) | 0.01 | 35.2 (28.3–42.6) | 3 (3–4) | 87.0 (70–107) | 7.6 (6–9) | 11.4 (8–17) | II (II-II) |
| Salmonella infections | 0.69 (.21–1.23) | 0.02 | 35.9 (10.9–64.5) | 3 (2–9) | 289.7 (83–513) | 14.7 (8–23) | 19.6 (4–65) | II (II-III) |
| Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) | 0.19 (.14–.25) | 0.01 | 29.7 (22.1–38.6) | 4 (3–5) | 81.1 (55–117) | 10.5 (7–15) | 7.7 (4–16) | II (II-II) |
| Typhoid and paratyphoid fever (S. typhi, S. paratyphi A) | 0.49 (.06–.98) | 0.01 | 56.4 (7.4–112.6) | 2 (1–14) | 208.7 (28–395) | 4.2 (1–8) | 49.4 (3–725) | III (II-III) |
| Leprosy | 0.00 (.00–.00) | 0.00 | 0.1 (.0–.1) | 1,914 (1,026–4,361) | 0.1 (0–0) | 0.0 (0–0) | 65.8 (8–1,110) | III (II-III) |
| Rheumatic fever | 0.41 (.34–.48) | 0.00 | 544.2 (458.6–642.8) | 0 (0–0) | 162.1 (136–190) | 66.2 (58–76) | 2.4 (2–3) | Ic (Ic-II) |
| Trachoma | 0.01 (.01–.02) | 0.00 | 5.8 (4.0–8.0) | 18 (14–25) | 5.7 (4–8) | – | a | III (III-III) |
Own calculations based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 and G-FINDER data and data published by Chakma et al. (25). DALYs: disability-adjusted life years; LMIC: low- and middle-income countries; HIC: high-income countries; IRF: income relation factor, ratio of DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants in LMIC versus HIC; Disease Type Ia: strongly affluence-related diseases; Ib: moderately affluence related; Ic: unrelated to the level of economic development; II: moderately poverty related; III: strongly poverty related. aDisease not prevalent in HIC.