Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2015 Jan 27;5:8064. doi: 10.1038/srep08064

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder in order to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

PMC Copyright notice

(a) Conformations of bilayer stems (h/l = 0.02) composed of elastic active (a) and passive (p) layers (E_p/E_a = 2) subjected to an actuation contraction strain ε_a = −0.2 obtained with large deformation FE simulations for layer profiles with linearly varying thickness along the stem length. (b) Normalized curvature κ* of bilayer models of an outer stem with a constant relative thickness (h_a/h = h_p/h = 0.5) and an inner stem with a linearly varying relative thickness (h_a/h = 0.1 at the base and h_p/h = 0.5 at the tip of the stem) under action of shrinkage strains (ε_a = −0.05 for the outer stem and ε_a = −0.2 for the inner stem) in the active layer. Results obtained with theoretical Timoshenko model (Eq. (2)) and FE simulations. The inset shows the corresponding axial strain contours of deformed stems.