. 2014 Dec 3;101(2):368–375. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.094268

TABLE 2.

Definition and prevalence of early-life risk factors

Risk factor	n	Prevalence, %
Maternal obesity before pregnancy¹	135	14
Excessive gestational weight gain²	474	48
Smoked in pregnancy	140	14
Low vitamin D status in pregnancy³	531	54
Not breastfed or short duration of breastfeeding⁴	355	36

BMI >30 kg/m².

Institute of Medicine 2009 categorization (7, 24).

Serum vitamin D concentration in late pregnancy <64 nmol/L (17).

⁴

Never breastfed or <1 mo completed breastfeeding.