Figure 3.

Signaling transduction in lipid metabolism. Extracellular signals induce different pathways that regulate lipid metabolism in the cells. Protein kinases include protein kinase A, B and C; mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) includes extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), p38 kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK); Enzymes that are involved in lipid uptake, transport, synthesis and degradation; Ions: Ca²⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, H⁺. Some bioactive lipid molecules are ligands, and in turn induce different signaling pathways. MS, mechanical stress.