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. 2015 Jan 19;16(1):2078–2098. doi: 10.3390/ijms16012078

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Cypermethrin concentration and time dependent up-regulation of CYP4G7 and CYP345A1 in 20-day larvae. Controls were normalized as 1.0, and the relative transcript levels of CYP genes were calculated based on their corresponding controls. (A) Cypermethrin concentration dependent up-regulation as measured at 2 and 0.5 μg/mL with the exposure time of 24 h. Different letters above the standard error bars indicate significant differences based on the one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD multiple comparison test (p < 0.05); (B) Time dependent up-regulation of CYP4G7 by cypermethrin (0.5 μg/mL) as measured at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h; and (C) Time dependent up-regulation of CYP345A1 by cypermethrin (0.5 μg/mL) as measured at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h. Dash lines represent relative transcript level of the control (larvae treated with the insecticide solvent only) as 1.0. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the expression levels between the control and the insecticide-treated insects within the same time duration by using Student’s t test. Asterisk above the standard error bars indicates significant difference whereas NS indicates no significant difference.