Table 1.
Examples of nanoparticle targeting approaches in Pre-clinical or Clinical Studies
| Nanoparticle Type | Active Agent | Tumor | Clin. Trial | Deliv. | Target | Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes (lipid) | |||||||
| ONC-TCS liposome | Vincristine sulfate | Hu | Approved | IV | Non-Hodgkins Lymph. | Improved TI | (39) |
| DepoCyt liposome | Cytarabine ara-C | Hu | Phase III | IV | Lymphomatous meningitis | High Resp, QOL | (40) |
| Myocet liposome | doxorubicin citrate | Hu | Approved | IV | metastatic breast cancer | Improved TI | (37) |
| DaunoXome liposome | daunorubicin | Hu | Approved | IV | AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarc | skin necrosis | (38) |
| Liposomes (PEGylated/lipid) | |||||||
| Lipoplat-PEG-DSPE | cisplatin | Hu | Phase I | IV | Stage IV carcinomas | nephrotoxicity | (43) |
| Doxil PEG-lipo | doxorubicin | Hu | Approved | IV | AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarc | bone marrow tox | (42) |
| Thermodox PEG-lipo | DoxThermo-bubble | Hu | Phase III | IV | Liver, breast cancer | Improved TI | (41) |
| NanoDoxCurc PEG-lipo | Doxcurcumin comp | Hu | Pre-clinical | IV | Prostate cancer-PC3A | Cardiotoxicity | (44) |
| siRNA Liposomes | |||||||
| ALN-TTR01 & 2 | siRNA transthyretin | Hu | Phase I | IV | Transthyretin amyloidosis | transthyretin | (45) |
| ALN-PCS | siRNA kexin type 9 | Hu | Phase I | IV | Fam. hypercholesterolemia | LDL cholesterol | (46) |
| Albumin bound Nanoparticles | |||||||
| Abraxane Albumin-drug | paclitaxel | Hu | Approved | IV | Metastatic breast cancer | Improved TI | (48) |
| Polymeric Nanoparticles | |||||||
| PolyDL-lactide-PEG | paclitaxel | Hu | Phase II | IV | advanced refract malig | toxicity, OC | (50) |
| Oncaspar PEG-L-aspar | L-asparaginase | Hu | Approved | IV | acute lympho leukem(ALL) | remission | (49) |
| DACH diaminocyclohex | plat poly prodrug | Hu | Phase II | IV | Ovarian cancer | Tolerability, OC | (51) |
| BIND-014 polynanopart | docetaxel | Hu Mo | Phase II | IV | Animal Tumors, PK-human | PSA-Targeted | (52) |
| Chitosan | |||||||
| microcryst chitosan | Absorb GI fat | Hu | Approved | Oral | High LDL cholesterol | LDL cholosterol | (53) |
| glycated chitosan | laser immunotherm | Hu | Phase I | IV | metastatic breast cancer | Improved RR | (55) |
| Chitosan | Plasmid DNA | Mo | Pre-clinical | Lung | Lung uptake | In vivo luc | |
| Chitosan | Plasmid DNA | Mo | Pre-clinical | Oral | peanut-induced anaphylax | Improved RR | (56) |
| ExChitosan | siRNA | Mo | Pre-clinical | Nasal | Inhibit gene expression | Reduce EGFP Ex | (54) |
| Chitosan RGD-CH-NP | siRNA-periostin Int | Mo | Pre-clinical | IV | periostin ovarian tumors | Decrease T. Size | (12) |
| Fullerenes | |||||||
| C60(OH)24 | doxorubicin | Ra | Pre-clinical | IP | MNU Induced rat tumors | Dec hepato-tox | (58) |
| C60-PEI-folate | docetaxel | Mo | Pre-clinical | IV | Sarcoma S180 Balb/c | Decrease T. Size | (63) |
| C60-Hyaluronate | NA | Hu Mo | Pre-clinical | IV | HCT-116 | Decrease T. Size | (59) |
| Nanotubes | |||||||
| PEG-SWNTs | TNFR-(GITR) | Mo | Pre-clinical | IV | B16 melanoma | Intratumor T-regs | (61) |
| NGR-SWNTs-2ME | paclitaxel, taxol | Hu | Pre-clinical | IV | MCF-7 | Decrease T. Size | (62) |
| SWNT-lipid-PTX | 2-methox estradiol | Mo | Pre-clinical | IV | Sarcoma (S180) Balb/c | Decrease T. Size | (57) |
| O-MWNTs-PEG-ANG | doxorubicin | Ra/Mo | Pre-clinical | IV | C6 glioma /Balb/c | Decrease T. Size | (60) |
| Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles | |||||||
| C-dots (Cornell-dots) | 124I-RGDY-PEG | Hu Mo | Phase I | IV | αvβ3 integrin–melanoma | real-time imaging | (64) |
| Mag-Dye@MSN | fluores, magnetic | Ra | Pre-clinical | IV | Rat tumors | Tumor imaging | (66) |
| MSV/EphA2 | siRNA Eph Apac | Hu | Pre-clinical | IV | Ovarian tumor | Decrease T. Size | (65) |
| Quantum Dots | |||||||
| QD-800 | anti-EGFRvIII | Hu | Pre-clinical | IV | Glioblastoma | Tumor imaging | (67) |
| QD-MUC1-DOX | Doxorubicin | Hu | Pre-clinical | IP | Human ovarian | Tumor imaging | (69) |
| QD-antiVEGFR2 | antiVGFR2 | Hu | Pre-clinical | IV | Human PC3 prostate | Tumor imaging | (68) |
| Metal nanoparticles | |||||||
| Gold, AuNPs | Gold photo-activ. | Ra | Pre-clinical | Cran | F98 glioma-bearing rats | Tumor imaging | (71) |
| Immuno-magnetic | EpCAM Mb | Hu | Pre-clinical | CTC | Identify CTCs | CTCs in BrCa | (72) |
| Gold, AuNP | EMT target | Hu | Pre-clinical | IP | Ovarian Cancer | Decrease T. Size | (70) |
| Gold, AuNP-TNF | TNF-α | Hu | Pre-Clinical | IV | Prostate Cancer | Improved Therapy | (73) |
Abbreviations: Multidrug resistance (MDR), single wall nanotubes (SWNT), multi wall nanotubes (MWNT), polyethylene glycol (PEG), circulating tumor cell (CTC), quantum dot (QD), Therapeutic Index (TI), Quality of Life (QOL), Outcome (OC), Response rate (RR), Human (Hu), Mouse (Mo), Rat (Ra)