Table 4.

Adjusted Associations of Preoperative Pain and Delirium Stratified by Presence of Depressive Symptoms^*

Pain Measure	Worst	Average†	Current
Group	Adjusted RR (95% CI)	Adjusted RR (95% CI)	Adjusted RR (95% CI)
Overall (N=459)	1·08 (1·01–1·16)	1·08 (1·01–1·16)	1·07 (1·01–1·13)
Depressive Symptoms (n=113)	1·21 (1·05–1·40)	1·13 (1·01–1·29)	1·07 (0·98–1·17)
No Depressive Symptoms (n=346)	1·03 (0·95–1·12)	1·05 (0·97–1·15)	1·06 (0·98–1·14)

^*RR=Relative risk for delirium. Pain is modeled as a continuous variable. Relative risks refer to a 1-point change on the 0–10 pain rating scale. Risk estimates are adjusted for age, gender, race, education level, and comorbidity. CI=confidence interval. CIs were rounded to the nearest hundredth. To avoid confusion, values that were significant before rounding are indicated as 1·01

^†Excludes three participants unable to recall their average pain and one who refused to answer.