Table 3.
Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for cause-specific mortality by patient characteristics in those with Type 2 diabetes
| Ischaemic heart disease | Renal failure | Heart failure | Respiratory disorders | Sepsis | Cancer | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events, n | 311 | 200 | 191 | 303 | 170 | 232 |
| % contribution to total deaths | 18.7 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 18.3 | 10.2 | 14.0 |
| Characteristic | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) |
| Duration of diabetes, years | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| Sex, female | 0.57 (0.44–0.73) | 0.69 (0.50–0.94) | 0.61 (0.44–0.84) | 0.75 (0.58–0.98) | 0.65 (0.47–0.92) | 0.60 (0.44–0.80) |
| Race | ||||||
| White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Black | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | 1.57 (1.02–2.40) | 1.47 (0.98–2.19) | 0.70 (0.53–0.92) | 1.01 (0.68–1.52) | 0.87 (0.62–1.22) |
| Other race | 0.66 (0.33–1.31) | 1.14 (0.44-2.96) | 0.83 (0.29-2.35) | 1.04 (0.58-1.87) | 1.15 (0.48-2.75) | 1.59 (0.84-3.01) |
| BMI | 0.87 (0.77–0.98) | 0.72 (0.63–0.83) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) | 0.81 (0.70–0.93) |
| BMI squared | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
| Anti-hyperglycaemic medication | ||||||
| None | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Insulin only | 2.24 (1.45–3.47) | 2.97 (1.80–4.90) | 2.24 (1.29–3.88) | 2.15 (1.41–3.27) | 4.03 (2.19–7.44) | 1.44 (0.88–2.34) |
| Insulin + oral agent | 2.22 (1.38–3.57) | 1.26 (0.67–2.37) | 2.31 (1.27–4.19) | 2.04 (1.27–3.25) | 2.57 (1.27–5.19) | 1.56 (0.89–2.73) |
| Oral agent only | 1.16 (0.77–1.76) | 0.67 (0.39–1.14) | 1.01 (0.59–1.71) | 1.09 (0.74–1.60) | 1.40 (0.76-2-.58) | 1.20 (0.79–1.83) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 2.60 (1.99–3.40) | 1.62 (1.13–2.34) | 3.08 (2.20–4.31) | 1.66 (1.23–2.26) | 1.50 (0.99–2.28) | 1.16 (0.78–1.72) |
| Hypertension | 1.63 (1.12–2.38) | 1.89 (1.15–3.09) | 2.15 (1.25–3.71) | 1.33 (0.95–1.88) | 1.39 (0.88–2.19) | 1.35 (0.9-2-1.99) |
| High cholesterol | ||||||
| No high cholesterol | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| High cholesterol, not treated | 1.09 (0.77–1.55) | 1.13 (0.73–1.72) | 0.85 (0.54-1.33) | 1.02 (0.72-1.45) | 0.89 (0.56-1.43) | 0.73 (0.47-1.12) |
| High cholesterol, statin | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 0.88 (0.65–1.18) | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) | 0.70 (0.49–0.99) |
| High cholesterol, other cholesterol lowering medication | 0.92 (0.58–1.47) | 1.10 (0.64–1.88) | 0.45 (0.22–0.95) | 0.84 (0.50–1.38) | 0.69 (0.35–1.36) | 0.99 (0.59–1.67) |
| A history of smoking | ||||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Current | 1.82 (1.33–2.49) | 1.38 (0.93–2.05) | 2.11 (1.40–3.18) | 3.42 (2.44–4.80) | 2.05 (1.34–3.14) | 2.57 (1.79–3.68) |
| Former | 1.32 (0.97–1.79) | 1.56 (1.09–2.25) | 1.70 (1.15–2.49) | 1.88 (1.34–2.67) | 1.63 (1.07–2.47) | 1.12 (0.76–1.66) |
HR, hazard ratio.
Unadjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for cause-specific mortality outcomes in Black people vs White people: ischaemic heart disease: 0.67 (0.52–0.87); renal failure: 1.91 (1.25–2.91); heart failure: 1.39 (0.94–2.01); respiratory disorders: 0.70 (0.54–0.92); sepsis: 1.13 (0.76–1.67). These unadjusted hazard ratios and 95 CIs are restricted to the population with full data, i.e. the population in the multivariable adjusted models.
Missing covariate data did not materially affect the unadjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for cause-specific mortality outcomes in Black vs White people, as can be seen in the following: ischaemic heart disease: 0.66 (0.52–0.84); renal failure: 1.80 (1.21–2.69); heart failure: 1.32 (0.91–1.91); respiratory disorders: 0.65 (0.51–0.83); sepsis: 1.12 (0.77–1.62).