Table 2.

Multivariable logistic regression model predicting pathological discharge from U.S. emergency departments, 1993–2009.

Characteristics	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age
18–29	1.00 (Reference)
30–39	0.85 (0.80–0.91)	<0.001
40–49	0.77 (0.72–0.83)	<0.001
50–59	0.77 (0.71–0.84)	<0.001
60–69	0.84 (0.75–0.93)	0.001
70–79	0.85 (0.75–0.97)	0.02
80+	0.95 (0.82–1.10)	0.47
Sex
Male	1.00 (Reference)
Female	1.11 (1.05–1.17)	<0.001
Race
White	1.00 (Reference)
Black	0.86 (0.80–0.93)	<0.001
Other	0.90 (0.79–1.02)	0.11
Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic	1.00 (Reference)
Hispanic	0.85 (0.78–0.94)	0.001
Unknown	0.98 (0.91–1.06)	0.64
Insurance
Private	1.00 (Reference)
Public	1.02 (0.96–1.09)	0.44
Other	1.26 (1.11–1.43)	<0.001
Self-pay	1.20 (1.11–1.29)	<0.001
Unknown	1.00 (0.99–1.15)	0.96
Region
Northwest	1.00 (Reference)
Midwest	0.88 (0.79–0.99)	0.03
South	0.87 (0.79–0.95)	0.004
West	0.84 (0.76–0.93)	0.001
Urban
MSA	1.00 (Reference)
Non-MSA	1.13 (1.01–1.26)	0.03
Hospital ownership
Voluntary non-profit	1.00 (Reference)
Government, non-federal	1.15 (1.03–1.28)	0.010
Proprietary	1.15 (1.05–1.26)	0.003
Season of visit
Winter (December–February)	1.00 (Reference)
Spring (March–May)	0.97 (0.90–1.06)	0.52
Summer (June–August)	0.94 (0.86–1.02)	0.12
Fall (September–November)	0.89 (0.82–0.97)	0.01
Seen by physician	0.78 (0.65–0.94)	0.01

MSA, Metropolitan statistical area